Smart Interpolation of Annually Averaged Air Temperature in the United States

Willmott, Cort J.; Matsuura, Kenji

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<2577:sioaaa>2.0.co;2

Cited by 362 publications

(259 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…To this end, we acquired and analyzed the following gridded monthly observed precipitation data sets: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Land Precipitation (NOAA PREC/L; Chen et al, 2002); National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Precipitation Climatology Project (NASA GPCP; Adler et al, 2003); NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (NASA TRMM; Huffman et al, 2007); NOAA Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CPC CMAP; Xie and Arkin, 1997); Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU; Spencer, 1993); University of East Anglia-Climate Research Unit (UEA-CRU) Global (Hulme, 1992) and v.TS2.1 (Mitchell and Jones, 2005); University of Delaware (UDEL; Willmott and Matsuura, 1995); Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) v.0605 and v.0705; German Climate Research Program (DEKLIM; Beck et al, 2005); NOAA Climate Anomaly Monitoring System (CAMS; Janowiak and Xie, 1999); and NOAA CPC Morphing Technique (CMORPH; Joyce et al, 2004). For brevity, we do not show the results from all data sets in this paper.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple mechanism for the climatological midsummer drought along the Pacific coast of Central America

Karnauskas¹,

Seager²,

Giannini³

et al. 2013

Atmósfera

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RESUMENSe investigan la distribución mundial, la evolución estacional y los mecanismos subyacentes de la sequía de medio verano (MSD, por sus siglas en inglés) mediante un conjunto de observaciones realizadas en estaciones climatológicas y datos de reanálisis con resolución espacial y temporal relativamente alta, con especial énfasis en la costa del Pacífico centroamericano y el sur de México. Aunque la MSD de Centroamérica destaca por su coherencia y escala espacial, no es exclusiva de la región del Gran Caribe ni necesariamente la más intensa del planeta, como lo demuestra un análisis objetivo de varios conjuntos de datos globales de precipitación. Se propone un mecanismo para la MSD que relaciona la dependencia latitudinal de los dos máximos climatológicos de precipitación con el cruce semestral de la declinación solar, lo cual determina la presencia de dos picos de inestabilidad convectiva y por lo tanto de lluvias. Además de este mecanismo local subyacente, una serie de procesos remotos tiende a alcanzar su punto máximo en el vértice de la MSD. Dichos procesos incluyen el monzón de Norteamérica, la corriente en chorro de bajo nivel del Caribe y el anticiclón subtropical del Atlántico Norte, que también puede suprimir las lluvias a lo largo de la costa del Pacífico centroamericano y generar variabilidad interanual en la fuerza o el momento de la MSD. Sin embargo, los hallazgos de este estudio contradicen el paradigma existente de que la MSD debe su existencia a un mecanismo supresor de la precipitación. Por el contrario, a partir del análisis de registros temporales de mayor resolución de precipitaciones y variaciones que toman en cuenta la latitud, se sugiere que la MSD es básicamente el resultado de un mecanismo de reforzamiento de la precipitación que ocurre dos veces. ABSTRACTThe global distribution, seasonal evolution, and underlying mechanisms for the climatological midsummer drought (MSD) are investigated using a suite of relatively high spatial and temporal resolution station ob- servations and reanalysis data with particular focus on the Pacific coast of Central America and southern Mexico. Although the MSD of Central America stands out in terms of spatial scale and coherence, it is neither unique to the Greater Caribbean Region (GCR) nor necessarily the strongest MSD on Earth based on an objective analysis of several global precipitation data sets. A mechanism for the MSD is proposed that relates the latitudinal dependence of the two climatological precipitation maxima to the biannual crossing of the solar declination (SD), driving two peaks in convective instability and hence rainfall. In addition to this underlying local mechanism, a number of remote processes tend to peak during the apex of the MSD, including the North American monsoon, the Caribbean low-level jet, and the North Atlantic subtropical high, which may also act to suppress rainfall along the Pacific coast of Central America and generate interannual variability in the strength or timing of the MSD. However, our findings challenge the...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple mechanism for the climatological midsummer drought along the Pacific coast of Central America

Karnauskas¹,

Seager²,

Giannini³

et al. 2013

Atmósfera

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“…The model evaluation of 2 m-air temperature were performed against ERA-Interim ( Dee et al 2011) at 1.5°horizontal resolution and two station-based gridded observational datasets: the global gridded data from the University of Delaware (Udel; Willmott and Matsuura 1995) and from the Climatic Research Unit version 3.1 (CRU3.1; Mitchell and Jones 2005). These datasets combine weather station records and use spatial interpolation methods to produce monthly means at 0.5°horizontal resolution over land.…”

Section: Surface Air Temperature and Precipitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Arctic near-surface permafrost and climate sensitivities to soil and snow model formulations in climate models

Paquin

Sushama

2014

Clim Dyn

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“…The use of the square of the CV errors in the RMSE index makes the measure substantially biased even by an inconsiderable number of large errors, although the other errors may be small and acceptable. According to some researchers, MAE is regarded as the most natural diagnostic measure (Willmott and Matsuura 1995).…”

Section: Statistical and Spatial Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Interpolation of Ewert’s Index of Continentality in Poland

Szymanowski

Bednarczyk

Kryza

et al. 2016

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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Abstract-The article presents methodological considerations on the spatial interpolation of Ewert's index of continentality for Poland. The primary objective was to perform spatial interpolation and generate maps of the index combined with selection of an optimal interpolation method and validation of the use of the decision tree proposed by Szymanowski et al. (Meteorol Z 22:577-585, 2013). The analysis involved four selected years and a multi-year average of the period 1981-2010 and was based on data from 111 meteorological stations. Three regression models: multiple linear regression (MLR), geographically weighted regression (GWR), and mixed geographically weighted regression were used in the analysis as well as extensions of two of them to the residual kriging form. The regression models were compared demonstrating a better fit of the local model and, hence, the non-stationarity of the spatial process. However, the decisive role in the selection of the interpolator was assigned to the possibility of extension of the regression model to residual kriging. A key element here is the autocorrelation of the regression residuals, which proved to be significant for MLR and irrelevant for GWR. This resulted in exclusion of geographically weighted regression kriging from further analysis. The multiple linear regression kriging was found as the optimal interpolator. This was confirmed by cross validation combined with an analysis of improvement of the model in accordance with the criterion of the mean absolute error (MAE). The results obtained facilitate modification of the scheme of selection of an optimal interpolator and development of guidelines for automation of interpolation of Ewert's index of continentality for Poland.

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Smart Interpolation of Annually Averaged Air Temperature in the United States

Cited by 362 publications

References 9 publications

A simple mechanism for the climatological midsummer drought along the Pacific coast of Central America

A simple mechanism for the climatological midsummer drought along the Pacific coast of Central America

On the Arctic near-surface permafrost and climate sensitivities to soil and snow model formulations in climate models

Spatial Interpolation of Ewert’s Index of Continentality in Poland

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