Smart optical wireless sensor for real time swimmers feedback

Hagem, Rabee M.; Thiel, David V.; O'Keefe, S.G.; Dahm, Nicholas; Stamm, Andy; Fickenscher, Thomas

doi:10.1109/icsens.2012.6411208

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The maximum distance achieved in air was 2 m with error‐free transmission, while in water without bubbles the distance was 70 cm which reduced to 50 cm in water with bubbles. The system might be improved using visible blue‐green light because of the low attenuation compared with the infrared [1] or by using the IrDA protocols with changing the transceivers with visible lights in the blue–green range [2] and [3]. The circuits in plastic (Cip) technology will be used in implementing the optical wireless system for the real‐time feedback.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The modem was designed, tested and implemented for low‐cost, short‐range, digital communications. In [3] a ring of eight LEDs was implemented to determine the preferred transmission position for the smart sensor. The modem was based on using FSK and on‐off keying (OOK) at the transmitter with eight green LEDs to provide omnidirectional coverage from the wrist.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Real‐time swimmers' feedback based on smart infrared (SSIR) optical wireless sensor

et al. 2013

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An IrDA link based on a serial infrared transceiver has been designed and implemented for real-time swimmers' feedback. A wrist-mounted accelerometer provided stroke information to the transmitter. The signal was detected using a photodiode detector. Both the transmitter and receiver units measured 27 × 19 mm. Propagation experiments in air and under water were performed in a glass tank (91 × 39 × 45 cm) to validate the system. The maximum link length in air was 2 m and in still water 70 cm. In water with bubbles, the range reduced to 50 cm. This distance is sufficient for wrist-head communications during swimming. The information transmitted was the time duration of one complete stroke, which was updated every stroke and presented to the swimmer using an RGB LED mounted on the goggles. The hardware, software and implementation methods for the IrDA system are described.Introduction: Underwater optical wireless IrDA link performance was evaluated and reported in [1] based on the measurement of the time jitter by looking for the impact of air bubbles and transmission through the water surface. In [2] three axis accelerometer data was transmitted at 2400 bps over a 1 m underwater path at 10 cm depth using frequency shift keying (FSK) at very low frequency (VLF). The modulation frequencies used were 10 and 12 kHz. The modem was designed, tested and implemented for low-cost, short-range, digital communications. In [3] a ring of eight LEDs was implemented to determine the preferred transmission position for the smart sensor. The modem was based on using FSK and on-off keying (OOK) at the transmitter with eight green LEDs to provide omnidirectional coverage from the wrist. Green light was used for minimum attenuation in water (includes both absorption and scattering) [1]. The receiver used was based on an integrated detector preamplifier (IDP).Experiments conducted in a swimming pool showed that the link was intact for 54.3% of the time during freestyle swimming, while 60.3, 45.25 and 50.5% was the link viability in breaststroke, backstroke and butterfly, respectively, when all the LEDs on the wrist were transmitting. When each LED was switched on individually, the results showed that only three LEDs were required to maintain these statistics. The requirements for the device were wearability to prevent disturbance to normal swimming action and more than 1m transmission distance (wrist to head). The data recorded should be processed at the transmitter and useful information sent to the receiver, e.g. stroke rate, lap rate and swimming style. This Letter presents a smart serial or standard infrared (SSIR) system tested for short-range swimming applications based on stroke rate feedback to maintain the stroke rate at a predetermined swim plan.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real‐time swimmers' feedback based on smart infrared (SSIR) optical wireless sensor

et al. 2013

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“…Smart sensors and their fusion are also applied to the automation of sports and information provided to scouts. In recent years, the number of systems that update the data of athletes (number of strokes, and the time between them) in real time has increased, evaluating several athletes simultaneously, as well as systems that help conduct training for several swimmers [39,43,46]. These systems have been developed so that technicians would only be concerned with the movements of athletes and not the sequences of the activities or taking notes and data during training [39,43].…”

Section: Sportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensor Fusion and Smart Sensor in Sports and Biomedical Applications

Mendes

Vieira

Pires

et al. 2016

Sensors

101

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The following work presents an overview of smart sensors and sensor fusion targeted at biomedical applications and sports areas. In this work, the integration of these areas is demonstrated, promoting a reflection about techniques and applications to collect, quantify and qualify some physical variables associated with the human body. These techniques are presented in various biomedical and sports applications, which cover areas related to diagnostics, rehabilitation, physical monitoring, and the development of performance in athletes, among others. Although some applications are described in only one of two fields of study (biomedicine and sports), it is very likely that the same application fits in both, with small peculiarities or adaptations. To illustrate the contemporaneity of applications, an analysis of specialized papers published in the last six years has been made. In this context, the main characteristic of this review is to present the largest quantity of relevant examples of sensor fusion and smart sensors focusing on their utilization and proposals, without deeply addressing one specific system or technique, to the detriment of the others.

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“…Various studies have also investigated the use of an optical sensor [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. To exploit this sensor for an instrumented insole, we need to integrate a light-emitting diode (LED), a phototransistor and a flexible structure that can introduce an obstruction between the LED and the phototransistor.…”

Section: Design Of the Measurement Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Devices for Classification of Inadequate Posture at Work Using Neural Networks

Barkallah

Freulard

Otis

et al. 2017

Sensors

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Inadequate postures adopted by an operator at work are among the most important risk factors in Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs). Although several studies have focused on inadequate posture, there is limited information on its identification in a work context. The aim of this study is to automatically differentiate between adequate and inadequate postures using two wearable devices (helmet and instrumented insole) with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and force sensors. From the force sensors located inside the insole, the center of pressure (COP) is computed since it is considered an important parameter in the analysis of posture. In a first step, a set of 60 features is computed with a direct approach, and later reduced to eight via a hybrid feature selection. A neural network is then employed to classify the current posture of a worker, yielding a recognition rate of 90%. In a second step, an innovative graphic approach is proposed to extract three additional features for the classification. This approach represents the main contribution of this study. Combining both approaches improves the recognition rate to 95%. Our results suggest that neural network could be applied successfully for the classification of adequate and inadequate posture.

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Smart optical wireless sensor for real time swimmers feedback

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

Real‐time swimmers' feedback based on smart infrared (SSIR) optical wireless sensor

Real‐time swimmers' feedback based on smart infrared (SSIR) optical wireless sensor

Sensor Fusion and Smart Sensor in Sports and Biomedical Applications

Wearable Devices for Classification of Inadequate Posture at Work Using Neural Networks

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