Smart Pacemaker: A Review

Abstract

Since the first pacemaker was implanted, nearly 60 years have passed. Since then, pacemaker technology has made major advancements that have increased both its safety and effectiveness in treating people with bradyarrhythmias. The repeated stimulation of cells in specialized "pacemaker" regions of the mammalian heart and the transmission of stimulus via the ventricles serve as evidence that the electrical function of the mammalian heart is necessary for a regular mechanical (pump) role. The development of action potentials in individual cardiac cells is linked to myocardial electrical activity and the heart's regular cooperative electrical functioning. A container or pulse initiator that houses the battery and electronics, as well as lines that connect to the myocardium to deliver a depolarizing pulse and detect intrinsic cardiac stimulation, are all parts of a pacemaker. Defibrillators could be used with artificial hearts that have electrical pacemakers integrated into them in order to treat arrhythmia, heart failure, and cardiac arrest. Modern pacemakers have units for supporting patients with other disorders like "heart failure," which happens when the heart does not pump as forcefully as it should. While many pacemakers are effective in treating different types of arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), they also have units for treating them.

Remotely Controlled Electrochemical Degradation of Metallic Implants

“…Electronic implants for diagnostics and therapy occupy a key role in modern healthcare. Notable examples include pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators, [29] cochlea implants, [30] and neural stimulators. [31,32] The concept of smart implants that integrate electronic circuits and a power source to regulate their degradation according to external signals has been previously hypothesized, but to our best knowledge, not realized and reported to date.…”

A Clinical Odyssey Involving Cleidocranial Dysplasia: A Rare Case Report

“…Radiographic examination on cone beam CT (CBCT) revealed 12 impacted permanent teeth, i.e.,13, 15, 23, 25, 34, 35, 41, 32, 42, 33, 43, and 45, and a total of five impacted supernumerary teeth in the maxillary arch and 11 in the mandibular arch (Figure3) 2023. Agarwal et al Cureus 15(12): e51024.…”