A great
challenge to the utilization of bioderived cellulose nanofibrils
(CNFs) is related to dispersion, where the hydrophilic nature makes
them difficult to disperse in both organic solvents and hydrophobic
polymers. In this study, an amphiphilic diblock copolymer, poly(methyl
methacrylate-b-acrylic acid) (PMMA-b-PAA), which contains a short interactive block of PAA and a long
hydrophobic block of PMMA, was utilized to modify the surface of CNFs
covered with carboxylic acid groups (CNF-COOH). The PAA block binds
to the surface carboxylic acid groups on the CNFs through the formation
of multiple hydrogen bonds, while the hydrophobic PMMA block enables
better dispersion of the CNFs as well as interfacial adhesion with
the matrix polymer. The attachment of PMMA-b-PAA
to the CNFs was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Micelles were observed to form from a dispersion of CNF-COOH/PMMA-b-PAA complex in H2O. Good dispersion with individualized
nanofibrils has been achieved in dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide,
ethanol, and methanol even when a low amount of block copolymer was
functionalized on the CNF surface. The dispersion level of CNF-COOH/PMMA-b-PAA correlates well with the dielectric constant of the
solvents, where solvents with high dielectric constants are better
able to disperse the PMMA-b-PAA modified nanofibrils.