Smart water grid: a review and a suggestion for water quality monitoring

Abstract

Water is a valuable resource and an elixir of life. It is intimately linked to the living standards around the world. Reducing the water stress and conserving the resource is vital. It is the need of the hour to ameliorate the conventional water resources systems to monitor the water quantity and quality parameters continuously in real-time. Smart solutions play an important role in monitoring the system parameters and make on-site measurements. This paper focuses on Smart Water Grid, an ingenious way to monitor and preserve the quantity and quality parameters in real-time by deploying remote sensors in water distribution system. It presents a review of various sensors deployed, networking protocols used and cloud platforms employed in monitoring the water distribution system. The suitable networking protocols for the water distribution systems are suggested by analyzing various smart solutions. It also proposes an architecture for an IoT-based system to monitor the residual chlorine concentration in water distribution system. Smart Water Grid using Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet of Things enables to monitor on-site conditions and generates alerts during abnormal conditions. It can enhance timely decision making which will help in managing valuable water resources more efficiently.

From Radio to In-Pipe-Acoustic Communication for Smart Water Networks in Urban Environments: Design Challenges and Future Trends

“…It is intended to provide some details regarding the possible applications, the sensors exploited, and the characteristics of the wireless communication channel. More exhaustive reviews on such topics can be found in the literature [2,4,6,[28][29][30][31].…”

“…As was presented in the previous Sect., SWGs deal with the management of water distribution networks [1]. As far as the communication network of such SWGs is concerned, it results from previous reviews [2][3][4][5] that the vast majority of the cases employ radio wave communication for information transfer between sensor nodes of the network. However, the review [1], among the various wireless techniques, also considered acoustic wave-based communication as a possible way to transfer information, since it is effectively a wireless communication technique.…”

“…In recent years, the paradigm of Smart Water Grids (SWGs) has arisen, in an attempt to improve the management of water resources through constant monitoring [1][2][3][4][5]. Such paradigm is enabled by the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, which allow for network of smart nodes, deployed over an Urban Water Supply Network (UWSN), to continuously acquire information on the state of the UWSN.…”

Contactless Sensing of Water Properties for Smart Monitoring of Pipelines

“…The rapid advancements of diverse and complementary electronic technologies such as long-range, low-power radio protocols, low-power microcontrollers, and sensors, along with energy harvesting solutions, have been enabling a pervasive diffusion of the Internet of Things (IoT) [ 1 , 2 ]. Since water plays a crucial role for life on the planet, the application of IoT technologies to improve the management of water for both drinking [ 3 , 4 , 5 ] and irrigation [ 6 ] use is compelling. One of the main limitations to a large-scale diffusion of sensing nodes for wireless monitoring of water distribution infrastructures is the cost of the individual nodes in the grid.…”

Digitalization of Water Distribution Systems in Small Cities, a Tool for Verification and Hydraulic Analysis: A Case Study of Pamplona, Colombia

“…Other actions are based on the digital metering of water consumption, which could allow the detection of leaks at the user level and distribution network level [11]. Likewise, the monitoring and measurement of system parameters (e.g., pressure and water flow) improve decision-making and optimize the resources of water utilities and authorities [12], thus minimizing water leakage in their networks [13,14].…”