Smiling in Blind Infants and the Issue of Innate vs. Acquired

Freedman, Daniel G.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1964.tb02139.x

Cited by 128 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The following reviews and sources of original data may be helpful; Spitz and Wolf (1946); Ambrose (1961Ambrose ( , 1963Freedman (1961Freedman ( , 1964Freedman ( , 1965; Salzen (1963Salzen ( , 1967; Polak, Emde, and Spitz (1964); Brackbill (1967); Lewis (1969); Marcus (1969); Blurton Jones (1969); Eibl-Eibesfeldt raising of the eyebrows and nodding of the head. The following reviews and sources of original data may be helpful; Spitz and Wolf (1946); Ambrose (1961Ambrose ( , 1963Freedman (1961Freedman ( , 1964Freedman ( , 1965; Salzen (1963Salzen ( , 1967; Polak, Emde, and Spitz (1964); Brackbill (1967); Lewis (1969); Marcus (1969); Blurton Jones (1969); Eibl-Eibesfeldt raising of the eyebrows and nodding of the head.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Expressions in Nonhuman Primates

1975

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Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Expressions in Nonhuman Primates

1975

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“…One of the earlier milestones in social development is the social smile, which usually appears (in the sighted child) at about 4 to 6 weeks of life in response to a smile from the caregiver. Egan (1979), Freedman (1964, and Gesell, Ilg, and Bullis (1949) all indicate that the blind infant begins to smile at about the same time as the sighted one. Evidently, tactile, kinesthetic, and auditory stimulation (particularly the latter) are responsible for this response.…”

Section: Blindnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chapter 1: Psychosocial Development and Human Variance

Chess

Gordon

1984

Review of Research in Education

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“…As a result of a variety of studies -most prominently of infant and child development (Ambrose 1961;Freedman 1964;McGhee 1979;Piaget 1951;Spitz and Wolf 1946;Sroufe and Waters 1976;Washburn 1929;Wolff 1966) -it has come to be the opinion held by most students of the subject that all humans are born with the genetic potential for developing a sense of humor. And all humans do develop that sense of humor, of one sort or another.…”

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confidence: 98%

The biology of humor

Fry¹

1994

Humr

125

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An overview is presented of important issues having to do with relationships between humor and biology, including those having to do with the genetic origin of the sense of humor, physiology of mirthful response to humor, impacts on health of humor physiology. Discussion isprovidedon theoretical implications derived from the complex relationship between humor and biology.During the earlier half of this Century, it was widely believed that a sense of humor is a learned component of human life. It was considered that it would not be too much of a shock to discover groups, even entire cultures where humor had never been developed and where people are entirely devoid of a sense of humor. Such a group has never been discovered.Occasionally, an allegedly humorless person is pictured in vivid color on the front page of checkstand tabloids, with dramatic headlines -"lost bis way to laughter," "sees nothing funny in life." These poor souls are invariably found to be suffering with but a temporary dislocation or suppression of their natural capacity for humor and mirth and laughter.No person or group of persons has been found to be without a sense of humor, except on a temporary basis because of some dire personal or national tragedy which for the time being has caused an eclipse of humor. This demonstrated ubiquity of humor is compatible with the contemporary view of how deeply humor is bred into human existence. Rather than being regarded äs learned, äs it was previously, humor is now considered to be a genetic, biologic characteristic of the human race.As a result of a variety of studies -most prominently of infant and

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Smiling in Blind Infants and the Issue of Innate vs. Acquired

Cited by 128 publications

References 17 publications

Facial Expressions in Nonhuman Primates

Facial Expressions in Nonhuman Primates

Chapter 1: Psychosocial Development and Human Variance

The biology of humor

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