SMM J04135+10277: a distant QSO–starburst system caught by ALMA

Fogasy, Judit; Knudsen, K. K.; Drouart, Guillaume; Lagos, Claudia del P.; Fan, Lulu

doi:10.1093/mnras/staa472

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 95 publications

(137 reference statements)

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“…As a reference, a case study for the effect of X-rays on the CO SLED as Mrk 231, also hosting abundant multiphase outflows (Cicone et al 2012), has an estimated 10% contribution to the CO (5−4) luminosity from the X-ray Dominated Regions (XDRs) component and a virtually null impact on CO (2−1) (van der Werf et al 2010). The XDRs dominate over UV-photon-dominated regions at high J (J > 9−10), a regime still rarely covered at high redshift (but see Gallerani et al 2014;Carniani et al 2019;Fogasy et al 2020) and not accessible with our data. In addition, X-rays, cosmic rays, turbulence, shocks, and mechanical heating in general can be induced by common processes not related to AGN such as stellar winds, supernovae explosions, mergers, or gas accretion (Meijerink et al 2013;Lu et al 2014Lu et al , 2017Rosenberg et al 2015;Kamenetzky et al 2016;Harrington et al 2021, and many others).…”

Section: Marginal Effects Of Agn On the Average Properties Of Their Hostsmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Nevertheless, highly excited SLEDs have been frequently reported for the most luminous, frequently lensed, and unobscured QSOs (e.g., Weiss et al 2007;Carilli & Walter 2013;Banerji et al 2018;Fogasy et al 2020;Bischetti et al 2021) and often associated with depleted gas reservoirs in the host. The difference with our findings are the likely result of a combination of factors.…”

Section: Marginal Effects Of Agn On the Average Properties Of Their Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of active galactic nuclei on the cold interstellar medium in distant star-forming galaxies

Valentino

Daddi

Puglisi

et al. 2021

A&A

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In the framework of a systematic study with the ALMA interferometer of IR-selected main-sequence and starburst galaxies at z ∼ 1 − 1.7 at typical ∼1″ resolution, we report on the effects of mid-IR- and X-ray-detected active galactic nuclei (AGN) on the reservoirs and excitation of molecular gas in a sample of 55 objects. We find widespread detectable nuclear activity in ∼30% of the sample. The presence of dusty tori influences the IR spectral energy distribution of galaxies, as highlighted by the strong correlation among the AGN contribution to the total IR luminosity budget (fAGN = LIR, AGN/LIR), its hard X-ray emission, and the Rayleigh-Jeans to mid-IR (S1.2 mm/S24 μm) observed color, with evident consequences on the ensuing empirical star formation rate estimates. Nevertheless, we find only marginal effects of the presence and strength of AGN on the carbon monoxide CO (J = 2, 4, 5, 7) or neutral carbon ([C I](3P1 − 3P0), [C I](3P2 − 3P1)) line luminosities and on the derived molecular gas excitation as gauged by line ratios and the full spectral line energy distributions. The [C I] and CO emission up to J = 5, 7 thus primarily traces the properties of the host in typical IR luminous galaxies. However, our analysis highlights the existence of a large variety of line luminosities and ratios despite the homogeneous selection. In particular, we find a sparse group of AGN-dominated sources with the highest LIR, AGN/LIR, SFR ratios, ≳3, that are more luminous in CO (5−4) than what is predicted by the L′CO(5-4)−LIR, SFR relation, which might be the result of the nuclear activity. For the general population, our findings translate into AGN having minimal effects on quantities such as gas and dust fractions and star formation efficiencies. If anything, we find hints of a marginal tendency of AGN hosts to be compact at far-IR wavelengths and to display 1.8 times larger dust optical depths. In general, this is consistent with a marginal impact of the nuclear activity on the gas reservoirs and star formation in average star-forming AGN hosts with LIR > 5 × 1011 L⊙, typically underrepresented in surveys of quasars and submillimeter galaxies.

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Section: Marginal Effects Of Agn On the Average Properties Of Their Hostsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Marginal Effects Of Agn On the Average Properties Of Their Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of active galactic nuclei on the cold interstellar medium in distant star-forming galaxies

Valentino

Daddi

Puglisi

et al. 2021

A&A

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“…This is interpreted as a potential decrement in the molecular gas at low excitation close to the AGN possibly due to AGN radiative feedback. As argued by Fogasy et al (2020), the lack of emission at a given CO transition does not necessarily mean that the source is gas poor. Indeed, they analyzed integrated ALMA observations of a z ≈ 2.8 AGN and find that the target is undetected at low-J transition lines but appears bright at high-J transitions, indicating the presence of warm and highly excited molecular gas.…”

Section: Agn Radiation Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circosta

Mainieri

Lamperti

et al. 2021

A&A

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Feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) is thought to be key in shaping the life cycle of their host galaxies by regulating star-formation activity. Therefore, to understand the impact of AGN on star formation, it is essential to trace the molecular gas out of which stars form. In this paper we present the first systematic study of the CO properties of AGN hosts at z ≈ 2 for a sample of 27 X-ray selected AGN spanning two orders of magnitude in AGN bolometric luminosity (log Lbol / erg s−1 = 44.7 − 46.9) by using ALMA Band 3 observations of the CO(3-2) transition (∼1″ angular resolution). To search for evidence of AGN feedback on the CO properties of the host galaxies, we compared our AGN with a sample of inactive (i.e., non-AGN) galaxies from the PHIBSS survey with similar redshift, stellar masses, and star-formation rates (SFRs). We used the same CO transition as a consistent proxy for the gas mass for the two samples in order to avoid systematics involved when assuming conversion factors (e.g., excitation corrections and αCO). By adopting a Bayesian approach to take upper limits into account, we analyzed CO luminosities as a function of stellar masses and SFRs, as well as the ratio LCO(3–2)′/M∗ (a proxy for the gas fraction). The two samples show statistically consistent trends in the LCO(3–2)′−LFIR and LCO(3–2)′−M∗ planes. However, there are indications that AGN feature lower CO(3-2) luminosities (0.4–0.7 dex) than inactive galaxies at the 2–3σ level when we focus on the subset of parameters where the results are better constrained (i.e., LFIR ≈ 1012.2 L⊙ and M* > 1011 M⊙) and on the distribution of the mean log(LCO(3–2)′/M∗). Therefore, even by conservatively assuming the same excitation factor r31, we would find lower molecular gas masses in AGN, and assuming higher r31 would exacerbate this difference. We interpret our result as a hint of the potential effect of AGN activity (such as radiation and outflows), which may be able to heat, excite, dissociate, and/or deplete the gas reservoir of the host galaxies. Better SFR measurements and deeper CO observations for AGN as well as larger and more uniformly selected samples of both AGN and inactive galaxies are required to confirm whether there is a true difference between the two populations.

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“…Several works based on individual and small samples of high-z QSOs reported the detection of nearby sources at sub-millimetre wavelengths, e.g. Ivison et al (2008), Clements et al (2009), Salomé et al (2012), Riechers (2013), Fogasy et al (2017Fogasy et al ( , 2020, Díaz-Santos et al (2018). The discovery of companion galaxies at sub-millimetre wavelengths has been pushed to the highest redshifts (z ∼ 5−6), revealing that ∼15−50% of luminous QSOs are accompanied by interacting companions (e.g.…”

Section: The Rich Environment Of Hyper-luminous Qsosmentioning

confidence: 99%

The WISSH quasars project

Bischetti

Feruglio

Piconcelli

et al. 2020

A&A

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Context. Sources at the brightest end of the quasi-stellar object (QSO) luminosity function, during the peak epoch in the history of star formation and black hole accretion (z ∼ 2−4, often referred to as “Cosmic noon”) are privileged sites to study the cycle of feeding & feedback processes in massive galaxies. Aims. We aim to perform the first systematic study of cold gas properties in the most luminous QSOs, by characterising their host-galaxies and environment. These targets exhibit indeed widespread evidence of outflows at nuclear and galactic scales. Methods. We analyse ALMA, NOEMA and JVLA observations of the far-infrared continuum, CO and [CII] emission lines in eight QSOs (bolometric luminosity LBol ≳ 3 × 1047 erg s−1) from the WISE-SDSS selected hyper-luminous (WISSH) QSOs sample at z ∼ 2.4−4.7. Results. We report a 100% emission line detection rate and a 80% detection rate in continuum emission, and we find CO emission to be consistent with the steepest CO ladders observed so far. Sub-millimetre data reveal presence of (one or more) bright companion galaxies around ∼80% of WISSH QSOs, at projected distances of ∼6−130 kpc. We observe a variety of sizes for the molecular gas reservoirs (∼1.7−10 kpc), mostly associated with rotating disks with disturbed kinematics. WISSH QSOs typically show lower CO luminosity and higher star formation efficiency than infrared matched, z ∼ 0−3 main-sequence galaxies, implying that, given the observed SFR ∼170−1100 M⊙ yr−1, molecular gas is converted into stars in ≲50 Myr. Most targets show extreme dynamical to black-hole mass ratios Mdyn/MBH ∼ 3−10, two orders of magnitude smaller than local relations. The molecular gas fraction in the host-galaxies of WISSH is lower by a factor of ∼10−100 than in star forming galaxies with similar M*. Conclusions. Our analysis reveals that hyper-luminous QSOs at Cosmic noon undergo an intense growth phase of both the central super-massive black hole and of the host-galaxy. These systems pinpoint the high-density sites where giant galaxies assemble, where we show that mergers play a major role in the build-up of the final host-galaxy mass. We suggest that the observed low molecular gas fraction and short depletion timescale are due to AGN feedback, whose presence is indicated by fast AGN-driven ionised outflows in all our targets.

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SMM J04135+10277: a distant QSO–starburst system caught by ALMA

Cited by 20 publications

References 95 publications

The effect of active galactic nuclei on the cold interstellar medium in distant star-forming galaxies

The effect of active galactic nuclei on the cold interstellar medium in distant star-forming galaxies

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The WISSH quasars project

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