Smoke composition and predicting relationships for international commercial cigarettes smoked with three machine-smoking conditions

Counts, M.E.; Morton, Michael J.; Laffoon, Susan W.; Cox, Richard H.; Lipowicz, Peter J.

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.12.002

Cited by 262 publications

(237 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…With nicotine normalization, no statistically significant relationship was found between any of the TSNAs and PAHs. In agreement with previous studies by Counts (26), King et al (16) and Ding et al (15), the results of this study suggest that it is possible to reduce high TSNA levels found in some commercial cigarettes without a substantial increase in BaP. Thus, it is important to consider what range of TSNA levels are being compared when evaluating the relationship between TSNAs and PAHs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Levels of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mainstream Smoke from Different Tobacco Varieties

Ding

Zhang

Jain

et al. 2008

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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It has been estimated that one in every five cancer deaths worldwide are related to tobacco use. According to the IARC, 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and 8 tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), as well as at least 45 other compounds or substances found in tobacco smoke, are potential human carcinogens. The levels of these carcinogens in contents of tobacco and smoke emissions vary between different tobacco products. We evaluated mainstream smoke emissions from cigarettes made with different types of tobacco to examine the relation between their deliveries of TSNAs and PAHs and any possible influence from tobacco nitrate content. To investigate the contribution of tobacco content to mainstream cigarette smoke deliveries without confounders such as filter design, filter ventilation, and paper porosity, we used custom-made, research-grade, unfiltered cigarettes that contained bright, burley, oriental, reconstituted, or mixtures of these tobaccos. Our findings confirm results from other researchers that tobacco type can influence the mainstream smoke delivery of nicotine, TSNAs, and PAHs. However, we found that the effect varies among individual compounds. In addition, we observed a statistically significant relationship between nitrate content and mainstream smoke 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK); nitrate level also influenced the mainstream smoke deliveries of the summed total of the 10 PAHs identified by IARC as potential human carcinogens. The influence of nitrate on mainstream smoke NNK and PAH levels were of different magnitude and direction. Our results tend to indicate an inverse relation exists between NNK and PAH deliveries when considering different tobacco blends. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17(12):3366 -71)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Levels of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mainstream Smoke from Different Tobacco Varieties

Ding

Zhang

Jain

et al. 2008

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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“…However, there is also evidence for compensatory behavioral changes (increased puff volume and frequency and increased numbers of cigarettes smoked) (Djordjevic et al, 2000;Kabat, 2003) that result in altered smoke composition (Counts et al, 2005) and increased exposure to harmful components of cigarette smoke. Of potentially greater concern is evidence that cigarette smoke condensates (CSC) from low-nicotine cigarettes are more toxic to normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells than CSC from high-nicotine cigarettes, possibly due to nicotine-mediated suppression of apoptotic pathways (Chen et al, 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects Of 10 Cigarette Smoke Condensates On Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells By Comparative Gene And Cytokine Expression Studies

Pickett¹,

Seagrave²,

Boggs³

et al. 2010

D23. Recent Advances on Smoking Health Effects

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Cigarettes vary in tobacco blend, filter ventilation, additives, and other physical and chemical properties, but little is known regarding potential differences in toxicity to a smoker's airway epithelia. We compared changes in gene expression and cytokine production in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells following treatment for 18 h with cigarette smoke condensates (CSCs) prepared from five commercial and four research cigarettes, at doses of~4 mg/ml nicotine. Nine of the CSCs were produced under a standard International Organization for Standardization smoking machine regimen and one was produced by a more intense smoking machine regimen. Isolated messenger RNA (mRNA) was analyzed by microarray hybridization, and media was analyzed for secreted cytokines and chemokines. Twenty-one genes were differentially expressed by at least 9 of the 10 CSCs by more than twofold, including genes encoding detoxifying and antioxidant proteins. Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 (NQO-1) were selected for validation with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analyses. NQO-1 expression determined with microarrays, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting differed among the CSC types, with good correlation among the different assays. CYP1A1 mRNA levels varied substantially, but there was little correlation with the protein levels. For each CSC, the three most induced and three most repressed genes were identified. These genes may be useful as markers of exposure to that particular cigarette type. Furthermore, differences in interleukin-8 secretion were observed. These studies lay the foundation for future investigations to analyze differences in the responses of in vivo systems to tobacco products marketed with claims of reduced exposure or reduced harm.

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“…Besides the fact that smoking machines and regimes are hardly able to duplicate the uptake of cigarette mainstream smoke by humans, smoking regimes (20-22) more intense than ISO (105) have a strong impact on the analytical variability of smoke yields (217). In 2005, COUNTS et al (218) analyzed mainstream smoke yields of NFDPM and 44 individual constituents from 48 international Philip Morris brands of filtered cigarettes and the 1R4F Kentucky reference cigarette -using the three different machine-smoking regimes specified by ISO (105), the COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS (20) and the GOVERNMENT OF CANADA (22). Generally, smoke constituent yields were found to increase in the order "ISO < Massachusetts < Canadian Intense", resulting from larger puff volumes, doubling of puff frequency, reduced…”

Section: Biomarker Of Effect/riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The Evolution of Methods and Devices for Generation, Exposure and Collection

Klus¹,

Boenke-Nimphius²,

Müller

2016

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYThe objective of this review is to support tobacco scientists when evaluating information published on smoking machines, and on cigarette mainstream smoke (in vivo and in vitro) exposure systems and collection devices. The intriguing development of smoking machines (mainly for cigarettes) is followed for more than 170 years -from the first simple set-ups in the 1840s to the sophisticated and fully automated analytical smoking machines available today. Systems for the large-scale production of smoke (condensate) for preparative work are equally considered. The standardization of machine smoking methods and test pieces has solved several technical problems and produced sensible rules but, at the same time, given rise to new controversies like the compatibility of artificial and human smoking, and the implementation of more intense machine smoking regimes. Adequate space is allotted for the discussion of configurations for in vivo smoke exposure of rodent and non-rodent species and the machines generating the required smoke (condensate). Covered as well is the field of in vitro toxicity testing, including the increasingly informative new techniques of air-liquid interface exposure, which are becoming more and more refined with the use of organotypic cultures and genetic analyses. The review is completed by the examination of the considerable variety of mainstream smoke collection devices (filters and traps) developed over time -some for very specific purposes -and refers to the perpetual problem of artifact formation by aging.

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Smoke composition and predicting relationships for international commercial cigarettes smoked with three machine-smoking conditions

Cited by 262 publications

References 42 publications

Levels of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mainstream Smoke from Different Tobacco Varieties

Levels of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mainstream Smoke from Different Tobacco Varieties

Effects Of 10 Cigarette Smoke Condensates On Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells By Comparative Gene And Cytokine Expression Studies

Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The Evolution of Methods and Devices for Generation, Exposure and Collection

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