Smoke inhalation

Hall, Alan H.; Borron, Stephen W.

doi:10.1002/9781118628966.ch10

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

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“…Cyanide exposure may be encountered due to its widespread use in many industries and in consumer products . Cyanide exposure can be fatal when small amounts are inhaled, ingested, or directly contacted. − Household fires resulting in combustion of plastics and plant-based materials, including wood, can be sources of cyanide. , As a result, cyanide is released into the smoke when carbon and nitrogen-rich materials are burned and can be readily inhaled by victims and rescue workers. ,, For example, cyanide was emitted from the burning of sound-proofing plastics associated with high morbidity and mortality events in nightclubs, claiming the lives of almost 300 victims in one single event . Another critical source of cyanide exposure is industrial accidents at sites that use cyanide or cyanide derivatives in processing or manufacturing. , The relative ease of access to cyanide and cyanide precursors also elevates the risk of malicious misuse such as chemical weapons. ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2 , 4 As a result, cyanide is released into the smoke when carbon and nitrogen-rich materials are burned and can be readily inhaled by victims and rescue workers. 3 , 5 , 6 For example, cyanide was emitted from the burning of sound-proofing plastics associated with high morbidity and mortality events in nightclubs, claiming the lives of almost 300 victims in one single event. 7 Another critical source of cyanide exposure is industrial accidents at sites that use cyanide or cyanide derivatives in processing or manufacturing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Identification of Platinum(II) Sulfide Complexes Suitable as Intramuscular Cyanide Countermeasures

Behymer

Fujii

et al. 2022

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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The development of rapidly acting cyanide countermeasures using intramuscular injection (IM) represents an unmet medical need to mitigate toxicant exposures in mass casualty settings. Previous work established that cisplatin and other platinum(II) or platinum(IV)-based agents effectively mitigate cyanide toxicity in zebrafish. Cyanide's in vivo reaction with platinum-containing materials was proposed to reduce the risk of acute toxicities. However, cyanide antidote activity depended on a formulation of platinum-chloride salts with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) followed by dilution in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). A working hypothesis to explain the DMSO requirement is that the formation of platinum− sulfoxide complexes activates the cyanide scavenging properties of platinum. Preparations of isolated NaPtCl 5 −DMSO and Na (NH 3 ) 2 PtCl−DMSO complexes in the absence of excess DMSO provided agents with enhanced reactivity toward cyanide in vitro and fully recapitulated in vivo cyanide rescue in zebrafish and mouse models. The enhancement of the cyanide scavenging effects of the DMSO ligand could be attributed to the activation of platinum(IV) and (II) with a sulfur ligand. Unfortunately, the efficacy of DMSO complexes was not robust when administered IM. Alternative Pt(II) materials containing sulfide and amine ligands in bidentate complexes show enhanced reactivity toward cyanide addition. The cyanide addition products yielded tetracyanoplatinate(II), translating to a stoichiometry of 1:4 Pt to each cyanide scavenger. These new agents demonstrate a robust and enhanced potency over the DMSO-containing complexes using IM administration in mouse and rabbit models of cyanide toxicity. Using the zebrafish model with these Pt(II) complexes, no acute cardiotoxicity was detected, and dose levels required to reach lethality exceeded 100 times the effective dose. Data are presented to support a general chemical design approach that can expand a new lead candidate series for developing next-generation cyanide countermeasures.

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