Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer in the Middle East and
North Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Quadri, Mir Faeq Ali; Tadakamadla, Jyothi; John, Tenny

doi:10.18332/tid/110259

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The existing disparity of disease prevalence and associated risk factors among populations residing in different regions of the globe could be explained in a better way through region-specific studies, and among disadvantages groups. [ 45 ] In that way, we have established the prevalence and high usage of various forms of tobacco among the tribal population. The World Health Organization on its website affirms that the heavy use of tobacco is one of the main contributing factors towards the growing incidence of oral cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and dependency of tobacco use among tribal gypsies in Thoothukudi district - A cross sectional study

Chellappa

Leelavathi

Indiran

et al. 2021

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

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Introduction: The Narikuravars or “gypsy” are a semi vagrant groups distributed across borders, but primarily live in Tamil Nadu, India. They are notorious to face discrimination that interprets into low education level, low socio-economic status and lack of pertinent access to health care. The focus of the present study is to determine the prevalence and dependency with tobacco use among tribal gypsies in Thoothukudi district. Materials and Methods: The study design of the present study was a cross sectional which was done in Thoothukudi district in the month of December, 2019. Oral health status of the study population was analysed by WHO assessment form (adults), 2013. Tobacco dependence was analysed by Fagerstrom Nicotine dependency scale. The inclusion criteria were to include every gypsy person who is a citizen of Thoothukudi district and of all ages. The study included all the narikuravars (164) whose origin is Thoothukudi district. SPSS version 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics and Chi square tests were done to establish the distribution and association of the variables, respectively. Results: The total study participants of this cross-sectional study were 164, among them 128 were adults and 36 were children. Results revealed that among the adult population 64.55% were using tobacco, among them 29.1% were using smoking tobacco, 63.4% were using smokeless tobacco and 7.5% were using both. Medium nicotine dependency was more prevalent in both smoking and smokeless tobacco users (82.75% and 53.57%). The association between prevalence of tobacco use and gingival bleeding was statistically significant. Gingival bleeding was present in 88.9% of tobacco users and 11% of non-users (p value- 0.01). Significant association was found between gender and tobacco usage (p value- 0.042), dental erosion and tobacco usage (p value- 0.007). There exists significant association established between gender and nicotine dependency. (p value - 0.000). Conclusion: More than 60% of the adult study participants were using some form of tobacco. Medium tobacco dependency was prevalent among tobacco users. The tribal people have no access to all the services as their counterparts and it's our duty to educate them and create an insight about the ill effects of tobacco usage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and dependency of tobacco use among tribal gypsies in Thoothukudi district - A cross sectional study

Chellappa

Leelavathi

Indiran

et al. 2021

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

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“…The ROB of the included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale adopted for the cross-sectional studies 46 which is the most widely used scale for qualitative analysis in prevalence studies. 53,54 The observation of "good" quality studies infers that the methodological aspects of the cross-sectional studies were followed strictly by the researchers. Note: The statistical variation was evaluated between different variables of each factor using meta-regression model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in primary teeth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Patnana

Chugh

et al. 2020

Dental Traumatology

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Background/Aims The varied prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in primary teeth around the globe raises a serious knowledge gap in the available literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of TDI in primary teeth and also to evaluate the different factors associated with TDI in primary teeth. Materials and Methods Comprehensive searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials with predefined search criteria. The primary outcome was the prevalence of TDI in primary teeth, and the secondary outcomes were the factors associated with TDI in primary teeth. Qualitative analysis was done using the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale adapted for cross‐sectional studies. The random‐effect model was used for meta‐analysis, and meta‐regression analysis was done to evaluate the heterogeneity between the included studies. Meta‐analysis was done using the “meta” package of “R” language. The overall quality of evidence was assessed using GRADEpro GDT software. Results A total of 24 cross‐sectional studies met the inclusion criteria representing 4876 TDIs in 22 839 children aged between 0 and 6 years old. The overall prevalence of TDI in primary teeth was 24.2% (95% CI: 18.24‐31.43, P = 0, I2 = 99%). Falls contributed the highest number of TDI ‐ 59.3% (95% CI: 41.05‐76.40, P < .01, I2 = 98%) ‐ in primary teeth. The most common type of tooth fracture in primary teeth was an enamel fracture (61.9%), and prevalence of TDI in children with incompetent lip closure was 49.4%. Conclusion The prevalence of TDI in cross‐sectional studies of primary teeth was 24.2% with very low quality of evidence. Falls contributed the highest number of TDI in primary teeth, accounting for 59.3%. Children with incompetent lip closure have the highest prevalence (49.4%) of TDI in primary teeth.

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“…Shammah, also known as Arabian snuff, is a form of ST that is used in Yemen and Saudi Arabia, and is strongly associated with oral potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer [12,13]. On the grounds that the tongue is densely populated by a diverse microbial community [14], while it is also the most commonly affected site by oral cancer, including that associated with shammah use [15], the objective of this study was to explore the potential effect of chronic use of shammah, as an example of ST product, on the tongue microbiome in comparison to the tongue microbiome of shammah non-users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tongue microbiome of smokeless tobacco users

et al. 2020

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Background: The possibility that smokeless tobacco may contribute to oral carcinogenesis by influencing the oral microbiome has not been explored. This preliminary cross-sectional study sought to assess the effect of using shammah, a form of smokeless tobacco prevalent in Arabia, on the tongue microbiome. Tongue scarping samples were obtained from 29 shammah users (SU; 27.34 ± 6.9 years) and 23 shammah non-users (SNU; 27.7 ± 7.19 years) and analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V1-V3). Species-level taxonomy assignment of the high-quality, merged reads was obtained using a previously described BLASTn-based algorithm. Downstream analyses were performed with QIIME, LEfSe, and R. Results: A total of 178 species, belonging to 62 genera and 8 phyla were identified. Genera Streptococcus, Leptotrichia, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Haemophilus, Prevotella and Neisseria accounted for more than 60% of the average microbiome. There were no differences between the two groups in species richness and alpha-diversity, but PCoA showed significant separation (P = 0.015, ANOSIM). LEfSe analysis identified 22 species to be differentially abundant between the SU and SNU. However, only 7 species maintained a false discovery rate of ≤0.2 and could cluster the two groups separately: Rothia mucilaginosa, Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 66, Actinomyces meyeri, Streptococcus vestibularis Streptococcus sanguinis and a potentially novel Veillonella species in association with SU, and Oribacterium asaccharolyticum with SNU. Conclusion: These preliminary results indicate that shammah use induces tongue microbiome changes including enrichment of several species with high acetaldehyde production potential, which warrants further investigation.

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Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 27 publications

References 39 publications

Prevalence and dependency of tobacco use among tribal gypsies in Thoothukudi district - A cross sectional study

Prevalence and dependency of tobacco use among tribal gypsies in Thoothukudi district - A cross sectional study

The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in primary teeth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Tongue microbiome of smokeless tobacco users

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