“…Ida and Goto determined that a higher individual rate is associated with a greater likelihood of smoking, abusing alcohol and gambling (Ida and Goto, 2009). Harrison et al, Scharff and Viscusi and Yamane et al confirmed that smokers discount utility from consumption at a higher rate than non-smokers (Harrison et al, 2010;Scharff and Viscusi, 2011;Yamane et al, 2013). Khwaja et al showed the orientation of smokers on the present moment (Khwaja et al, 2007).…”