Smoking addiction: the shift from head to hands: Approach bias towards smoking-related cues in low-dependent versus dependent smokers

Abstract

The dual process theory is central to several models of addiction, implying both an increase of stimulus salience and deficits in inhibitory control. Our major aim is to provide behavioral evidence for an approach bias tendency in smokers and more specifically during smoking cue exposure. The second aim is to examine whether this bias differs in low-dependent versus dependent smokers. Thirty-two smokers (17 low dependent and 15 dependent; cut-off FTND of 4) and 28 non-smokers performed a modified Go/NoGo task using tobacco-related words and neutral words as stimuli. Smokers generally made more mistakes and tended to be faster for smoking-related cues specifically. Low dependents acknowledged more their dependency in declarative questionnaires while making more errors and being slower specifically on smoking cues; dependent smokers were less prone to indicate their addiction, but were faster and accurate when it came to picking the smoking cues. These results suggest that a shift has operated from a mental preoccupation with smoking in the low-dependent group, to smoking as a motor habit in our dependent group. This finding invites experts to rethink smoking addiction in the light of this crucial moment, namely, the shift "from head to hands".

Food Addiction: Implications for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Overeating

“…Increased motivation for illicit substances has been associated with several cognitive biases including attentional biases [282,283,284,285,286,287], approach biases [283,284,288,289,290] and affective biases [291,292,293,294]. One method for reducing this motivation, therefore, has been to use training tasks that are designed to reduce these cognitive biases, and recently, these training tasks have been explored as potential interventions for overeating.…”

Daily and Non-daily Smokers: A Profile of Drive and Cognitive Control Mechanisms

“…Following the predictions of the iRISA model, addictive behaviour is characterised by an increase in the drive for drug seeking combined with the decreased ability to control drug use (Goldstein and Volkow 2002;2011). There is a direct link between the two components (Marhe, Luijten, and Franken 2014) as attentional bias can affect cognitive control processes (Detandt, Bazan, Quertemont, and Verbanck 2017). Both components are popular areas of study in the area of addictive behaviours in general, but there is less research available and each component has an element of controversy to address in daily and non-daily smokers.…”

“…There were too few error trials in each image condition to investigate the effects on ERP components. Detandt et al (2017) used an adapted version of the Go/NoGo task with the smoking and neutral background images being presented for whole blocks, rather than changing on each trial. In contrast to Luijten et al (2011a;2011b), smokers made fewer mistakes and had a higher P3 amplitude than non-smokers when a smoking background was used.…”

Impacto de las alteraciones neuropsicológicas sobre aspectos clínicos en tabaquismo

“…a epidemia del tabaquismo ocupa un lugar preeminente entre las persistentes amenazas para la salud pública a nivel internacional (WHO, 2019). La nicotina se ha revelado como una de las sustancias psicoactivas más adictivas ya que un considerable porcentaje de consumidores se convierten en dependientes (Detandt, Bazan, Quertemont y Verbanck, 2017). Concretamente, los efectos reforzantes de la nicotina inducen la activación del sistema de recompensa cerebral que motiva la probabilidad de repetición del consumo (Carlson, Birkett y Redolar Ripoll, 2018).…”

“…Sin embargo, hasta donde llega nuestro conocimiento, la investigación acerca de sus aportaciones predictivas en otros aspectos clínicos de tabaquismo es limitada. Asimismo, aunque el tabaquismo ha figurado como objeto de estudio en las últimas décadas, la mayoría de autores se han centrado en la detección de los factores previos que precipitan el inicio de consumo (Gustavson et al, 2017;Harakeh et al, 2012;Lydon, Wilson, Child y Geier, 2014), en las consecuencias adversas del consumo crónico (Billieux et al, 2010;Detandt et al, 2017;Lyvers, Carlopio, Bothma y Edwards, 2014;Sheffer et al, 2014; Valentine y Sofuoglu, 2018) así como en la exploración de variables que comprometen la abstinencia (González-Roz et al, 2019; Harvanko, Strickland, Slone, Shelton y Reynolds, 2019; Krishnan-Sarin et al, 2007;Luijten, Kleinjan y Franken, 2016). Por lo que, en comparación con el interés suscitado por otras etapas vinculadas a la dependencia nicotínica, como la abstinencia o el inicio, persiste la escasez de estudios que exploren factores vinculados al uso reiterado del tabaco.…”