Smoking, Alcohol, and Betel Quid and Oral Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the association between smoking, alcoholic consumption, and betel quid chewing with oral cancer in a prospective manner. All male patients age ≥18 years who visited our clinic received an oral mucosa inspection. Basic data including personal habits were also obtained. A multivariate logistic regression model was utilized to determine relevant risk factors for developing oral cavity cancer. A total of 10,657 participants were enrolled in this study. Abnormal findings were found in 514 participants (4.8%). Three hundred forty-four participants received biopsy, and 230 patients were proven to have oral cancer. The results of multivariate logistic regression found that those who smoked, consumed alcohol, and chewed betel quid on a regular basis were most likely to develop cancer (odds ratio: 46.87, 95% confidence interval: 31.84–69.00). Therefore, habitual cigarette smokers, alcohol consumers, and betel quid chewers have a higher risk of contracting oral cancer and should receive oral screening regularly so potential oral cancer can be detected as early as possible.

Demographic Risk Factors, Affected Anatomical Sites and Clinicopathological Profile for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a North Indian Population

“…Risk of OSCC for alcohol consumers was relatively much lower than tobacco chewers and smokers. A study by Lin et al (2011) supported to our findings. Some previous studies reported that a great risk of oral cancer in consumers who chewing tobacco and kept in the mouth for different duration of time, depending on the personal habits (Muwonge et al, 2008;Madani et al, 2012).…”

Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a Case-control Study in Wuhan, China

“…The epidemiological study of oral cancer in Asia indicated that some common factors like use of tobacco, alcohol and quid chewing are the main reasons for the increasing incidence of oral cancer in Asian countries (Krishna Rao et al, 2013). The prevalence of smoking in OSCC group in this study was 50%, which is higher than that in other studies (Lin et al, 2011). However, selection bias is unavoidable in case-control studies.…”

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Associated Risk Factors in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A Hospital Based Case Control Study

“…Studies conducted suggests that the risk factors which are seen to have a significant association with oral cancer are tobacco, alcohol and human papilloma virus (Lin et al, 2011a). Investigators comment that alcohol and smoking are accountable for 80% of the cases in males, 61% of the cases in females and 74% overall (Warnakulasuriya et al, 2005;Gillison, 2007 andPetersen, 2009).…”