Smoking and Cervical Cancer

Abstract

Cervical cancer (CC) is the third most common cancer in women worldwide; however, CC is a preventable disease, and much effort should be done to prevent it. Persistence of high-risk HPV infection is the strongest epidemiologic risk factor for CC, however it is not sufficient for development of the disease it cofactors should be present. In 2004; IARC listed cervical cancer among those causally related to smoking. Smoking interferes with incidence and prevalence of HPV infection and is associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive CC. Multiple factors seem to intervene on cervical carcinogenesis related with tobacco, especially by direct local carcinogenic effect and local immunosuppression. Smoking addition is also closely related with other confounding factors, like unfavorable psychosocial events, systemic immunity, contraception, and nutrition, which got difficult epidemiologic evaluation of smoking role on cervical carcinogenesis. Smoking habits should be taken in account in clinical practice and in research concerning CC.

Incidence, mortality and risk factors of cervical cancer in the world

“…There is a link between the history of smoking or current smoking, with cervical cancer (Fonseca-Moutinho, 2011;Hildesheim et al, 2001;Kim et al, 2012;Plummer et al, 2003). In a large cohort study, the risk of cancer was reduced by 50% among those who stopped smoking for 10 years when compared with those who continued to smoke.…”

Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S transferase and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

“…All meta-analyses and multicentric reports highlight that smoking is an important environmental carcinogenic cofactor for cervical neoplasia (36)(37)(38)(39). A study taking into account 150 smoking women diagnosed with cervical neoplasia showed significant association with an increased risk of 4.19-folds of developing cervical cancer in association of GSTM1 null genotypes (40).…”

Sigara Dumanına Maruz Kalan Dişi Sıçanlarda Alfa-Tocopherol"ün Endometrial Uterin Vaskülarizasyonu, Rahim Serviks Oksidatif Stres ve Proliferasyon Üzerine Etkisi

“…In the proliferative phase, the blood vessels will undergo angiogenic process through a formation of spiral arterioles. VEGF and its receptors (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and its receptor (FGFR-1 and FGFR-2), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor EGFR are known to be essential components in the angiogenic process and function of blood vessels in endometrium 7,27 .…”

“…VEGF is a potential growth factor required in the process of endometrial proliferation, as well as plays a role in inducing increased permeability and angiogenesis in endometrial spiral arterioles 6 . In uterine cervix, smoking involved in the process of metaplasia and proliferation of uterine cervix cells 7 .…”