Smoking and microbiome in oral, airway, gut and some systemic diseases

Abstract

The human microbiome harbors a diverse array of microbes which establishes a mutually beneficial relation with the host in healthy conditions, however, the dynamic homeostasis is influenced by both host and environmental factors. Smoking contributes to modifications of the oral, lung and gut microbiome, leading to various diseases, such as periodontitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and cancers. However, the exact causal relationship between smoking and microbiome alteration remains to be further explored.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, antimicrobials, immunity, and lung–gut microbiota crosstalk: current updates and emerging advances

“…Owing to the delicate balance between the microbiome and the immune system, it is expected that any disruption in the microbiome will necessarily trigger an immune response. 25,28 Furthermore, such microbiome disturbances will also affect the functional processes of the microbiota that provides the host with essential nutrients and health benefits. Subsequently, the changes orchestrated by any dysbiosis in the microbiome will put the body at a disadvantage, particularly when faced with an intractable pathogen, such as Mtb.…”

Revealing Oral Microbiota Composition and Functionality Associated with Heavy Cigarette Smoking.

“…Tobacco smoking is a well-known preventable cause of death and affects nearly every organ system of the body [7]. The oral cavity is the rst regions exposed to cigarette smoke and at a prime disadvantage for increased carcinogenesis, impaired mucosal immunity, and alteration of the oral microbiome [8][9][10].…”

“…Smoking increases colonization of the oral cavity by pathogenic bacteria and reduces colonization by commensal bacteria [11,12]. Smoking enhances bio lm formation and results in greater epithelial adherence by certain pathogens, including Steptococcus pneumonia, Staphlylococcus aureus, Sterptococcus mutans; thereby, increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections and dental caries respectively in those smokers [8,10,12]. Furthermore, smoking contributes to the alteration in the oxygen tension of the oral and upper gastrointestinal microenvironment that encourages persistence of microaerophilic bacteria replacing the commensal bene cial species [12,13].…”

“…Furthermore, smoking contributes to the alteration in the oxygen tension of the oral and upper gastrointestinal microenvironment that encourages persistence of microaerophilic bacteria replacing the commensal bene cial species [12,13]. Previous studies have shown an increased prevalence of the genera Atopobium, Campylobacter, and Prevotella among smokers and selective depletion of certain phyla including Proteobacteria [12,[14][15][16] .Thus, tobacco smoking creates a unique dysbiotic environment in the oral cavity in uencing the microbiota composition that has a far reaching consequences in the local and systemic health of the host [8]. In this study, we intend to decipher our understanding of the oral microbiota's composition and its alteration due to tobacco smoking and smoking severity (nicotine dependence level).…”

Composição e diversidade do microbioma do meato médio de pacientes com rinossinusite crônica com polipose nasal

“…Estudo transversal que avaliou o efeito do cigarro no microbioma do meato médio encontrou diferença com significância estatística no nível gênero para pacientes com RSCsp (85) . (86) . Os efeitos verdadeiros do tabagismo se encontram em fase de investigação exploratória e dependentes de pesquisa básica na área.…”