Smoking and periodontal microorganisms

Abstract

Summary Resolution of dysbiosis following treatment for periodontal disease and tobacco dependence has been reported in longitudinal intervention studies. In the present report, we evaluated the biological findings regarding the effect of smoking on the periodontal microbiome. A standardized electronic search was conducted using MEDLINE; overall, 1099 papers were extracted. Studies that addressed the relationship between tobacco and periodontal pathogens were included. Finally, 42 papers were deemed appropriate for the present review. Functional changes in periodontal pathogens exposed to nicotine and cigarette smoke extract support the clinical findings regarding dysbiosis of the subgingival microbiome. Dysbiosis of the periodontal microbiome was presented in smokers regardless of their periodontal condition (healthy, gingivitis, or periodontitis) and remained significant only in smokers even after the resolution of experimentally-induced gingivitis and following reduction of clinical signs of periodontitis with non-surgical periodontal treatment and over 3 months post-therapy. Based on these findings, smoking cessation in periodontitis patients is beneficial for promoting a health-compatible subgingival microbial community. To maximize the benefits of these interventions in dental settings, further studies on periodontal microbiome are needed to elucidate the impact of tobacco intervention on preventing recurrence of periodontal destruction in the susceptible subjects.

Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Modulates the Oral Microbiome and Increases Risk of Infection

“…It is well established that smoking-associated periodontitis is not just a deliberation of poor oral hygiene but extends to provide an appropriate niche for colonization of bacteria such as P. gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, facilitating development of periodontal lesions (Eggert et al, 2001). It has been reported that exposure to nicotine modulated the immunological functions via P. gingivalis, promoting biofilm formation by interacting with commensal oral bacteria Streptococcus gordonii (Hanioka et al, 2019). Moreover, the salivary microbiome exemplifies bacteria from different surfaces in the oral cavity (Gao et al, 2018).…”

“…The predominance of these periodontal pathogens in the oral cavity of ES and combustible cigarette users is a reflection of severely compromised periodontal health (p = 0.001) as depicted in Table S1. It has been shown that nicotine and its metabolite cotinine, as well as treatment with a cigarette smoke extract, can alter the function of key periodontal pathogens such as P. gingivalis and promote biofilm formation, colonization, and infection (Hanioka et al, 2019). Granulicatella is a known commensal of the human oral microbiome, however, which has been implicated in endodontic infection (Siqueira and Rô ç as, 2006) and is linked to increased risk of systemic diseases, such as pancreatic cancer related to oral inflammation (Farrell et al, 2012).…”

A multicenter prospective cohort study on the effect of smoking cessation on periodontal therapies in Japan

“…This result suggests that successful or temporary smoking cessation activates the periodontal healing response. A few studies have reported differences in the microbiome in subgingival plaque between smokers and nonsmokers [9]. Generally, SRP leads to intensive qualitative changes in bacterial flora, which explains the benefits of SRP in the three groups in this study, even among nonquitters.…”

The outcomes of nonsurgical periodontal therapy: A retrospective study

“…In this study, smoking is a factor that will be assessed in relation to the treatment outcome as many studies have documented less significant improvements from smokers in response to nonsurgical therapy. [13,14] In addition, higher numbers of periodontal pathogens are associated with the smokers, [15] which negatively affect the host immune response, including impaired neutrophil function, lowered immunoglobulin production, and reduced fibroblast function. [14] Persisting deficiency of prognostic information in the management of periodontitis underscores the importance of the study aimed at determining the effectiveness of NSPT provided by GDP in training and to explore the correlation between prognostic indicators and treatment outcome.…”