Smoking and progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes

Abstract

Current smoking is a risk factor for the progression of diabetic nephropathy and the risk increases with the increasing dose of smoking. Ex-smokers seem to carry a similar risk of progression of diabetic nephropathy as nonsmokers.

Renal resistive index in chronic kidney disease patients: Possible determinants and risk profile

“…Indeed, we found that the association between RI and serum phosphate is independent from renal function. With respect to smoking habit, several prospective studies have demonstrated that cigarette smoking is strictly associated with a higher CKD progression rate in different clinical conditions, such as diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy and membranous idiopathic nephropathy [50][51][52]. Various mechanisms have been indicated to explain the nephrotoxic effect of smoking.…”

Diabetic nephropathy: Time to withhold development and progression - A review

“…A recent study of 3613 T1DM patients showed that the 12-year cumulative risks of microalbuminuria, overt proteinuria and ESRD were significantly higher in current and ex-smokers compared to non-smokers and the risk increases with increasing the dose of smoking [63]. Quitting smoking is mandatory not only in T1DM but also in T2DM.…”

Managing diabetes in the presence of renal impairment

“…The risk of the progression of renal disease in ex-smokers compared to never-smokers is similar, thus all patients with diabetes who smoke should be advised to stop. 12 High protein and high salt intake should be avoided. 13 Physical activity, and weight loss in the overweight or obese, is associated with a positive effect on risk and progression of diabetic nephropathy.…”