Smoking and respiratory irregularity in panic disorder

Physical activity and respiratory behavior in daily life of patients with panic disorder and healthy controls

“…This specific result is, nevertheless, partially in line with previous results of heightened respiratory variability (Gorman et al, 1988;Schwartz et al, 1996;Abelson et al, 2001;Wilhelm et al, 2001a,b;Martinez et al, 2001;Caldirola et al, 2004), as well as with biological theories on PD, emphasizing the role of abnormal respiratory pattern in the etiology of PD (e.g., Klein, 1993), although these reports are commonly based upon ventilation measured during sedentary state and not during low levels of physical activity. Given the important theoretical and therapeutic implications of enhanced understanding of factors contributing to the development of PD, it seems essential to further explore possible respiratory abnormalities in patients with PD in relation to variations in activities of daily life.…”

“…In a previously reported study (Pfaltz et al, 2009), we adjusted for activity by restricting analyses of ambulatory respiratory data to sedentary phases. No differences between PD patients and healthy controls were found with respect to respiratory variability or other measures of ventilatory timing or volume, suggesting that previously detected respiratory alterations (Gorman et al, 1988;Schwartz et al, 1996;Abelson et al, 2001;Wilhelm et al, 2001a,b,c;Martinez et al, 2001;Caldirola et al, 2004;Papp et al, 1997;Hegel and Ferguson, 1997) reflected exaggerated emotional reactivity to experimental contexts, rather than stable trait characteristics of PD. However, the possibility remains that PD patients during daily life may display abnormal respiratory alterations related to levels of physical activity beyond sedentary states.…”

“…Theoretical assumptions (Klein, 1993, Ley, 1985 and empirical evidence (Gorman et al, 1988;Gorman et al, 1994;Schwartz et al, 1996;Hegel and Ferguson, 1997;Papp et al, 1997;Abelson et al, 2001;Martinez et al, 2001;Wilhelm et al, 2001a,b,c;Caldirola et al, 2004;Blechert et al, 2007) point to trait-like persistent respiratory abnormalities in panic disorder. However, most research on panic disorder (PD) has been performed in the laboratory where PD patients are likely to be anxious and to breathe anxiously.…”

“…Specifically, based on previous laboratory findings (Gorman et al, 1988;Schwartz et al, 1996;Abelson et al, 2001;Wilhelm et al, 2001a,b;Martinez et al, 2001;Caldirola et al, 2004), we examined whether PD patients, compared to HC, would manifest heightened variability of V′ m and V T during physical activity, as well as elevations in V′ m and V T , and decreases in respiratory cycle total time (T TOT ). We also hypothesized group differences in the frequency of sighs at different physical activity levels, since heightened respiratory variability in PD has been linked to frequent sighing (Wilhelm et al, 2001a;Schwartz et al, 1996).…”

Bibliometric analysis of nicotine research in China during the period of 1991 to 2007

“…Tobacco smoking is by far the most important cause of lung cancer (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1986;Parkin et al, 1994). Besides lung disease, smoking may increase the risk of panic by impairing respiratory system function (Caldirola et al, 2004). The increased risk to smokers of contracting many diseases is well known and well documented.…”