Smoking and secondhand smoke exposure and prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan: baseline data from the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study

Abstract

BackgroundEpidemiological evidence on the relationship between smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and depressive symptoms during pregnancy has been limited. The present cross-sectional study examined this issue in Japan.MethodsBetween April 2007 and March 2008, 1757 pregnant women who lived in one of seven prefectures on Kyushu Island in southern Japan or in Okinawa Prefecture, an island chain in the southwest of Japan, participated in the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study, a prebirth cohort study. In the present study, data on 1745 pregnant women were available for analysis. Information on smoking, SHS exposure, depressive symptoms, and potential confounding factors was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined as present when subjects had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of 16 or higher. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, household income, education, job type, history of depression, and family history of depression.ResultsThe prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy was 19.2%. Compared with having never smoked, both former and current smoking was independently associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 1.39 (95% CI: 1.06–1.83) and 2.49 (95% CI: 1.36–4.45), respectively. Also, 3.0 to 7.9 and 8.0 or more pack-years of smoking were independently positively related to depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted ORs were 1.55 (95% CI: 1.08–2.22) and 1.97 (95% CI: 1.26–3.03), respectively (P for trend = 0.0005). Among the 1183 subjects who had never smoked, current SHS exposure at home was independently positively associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted OR was 1.51 (95% CI: 1.003–2.30).ConclusionsFormer and current smoking, 3.0 or more pack-years of smoking, and current SHS exposure at home may be positively associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy.

Caffeine, alcohol, khat, and tobacco use during pregnancy in Butajira, South Central Ethiopia

“…The adverse health effect of cigarette smoke on the fetus includes, an increased risk of strabismus in the offspring [71], clubfoot [72], low birth weight for gestational age (LBWGA), low birth weight, preterm births (28,29), increased odds of elevated levels of antisocial behaviors during adolescence and adulthood, as well as violent and nonviolent outcomes [73], an increased risk of wheeze in children [74], and almost 3 times increased risk of congenital heart defects [75]. Moreover, tobacco smoke during pregnancy increases the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy [76]. This indicated the need of tobacco smoking intervention at home, work and public places to improve fetal, maternal and societal health.…”

Magnitude and associated factors of substance use among pregnant women attending antenatal care in public hospitals of eastern Ethiopia

“…Smoke of the cigarette has both maternal and neonatal adverse effects. The adverse maternal effects include maternal depression during pregnancy [33] while the fetal effects include an increased risk of strabismus in the offspring [34], clubfoot [35], low birth weight and preterm births [36]. Furthermore, during adolescence and adulthood, antisocial behaviors [37], increased risk of wheezing in children [38] and risk of congenital heart defects can be ensued [39].…”

Relationship between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis

“…The literature search and study selection process were shown in Figure 1. After excluding studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 24 studies were included in the present meta-analysis [7,8,9,10,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39], including 22 cross-sectional studies and two cohort studies. All the study participants were from the healthy population, rather than the clinical population.…”