Smoking and the Risk of Peptic Ulcer Disease Among Women in the United States

Etiological factors of duodenal and gastric ulcers

“…Apart from Hp and NSAID, risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, age, and male gender were reported as contributing to gastric and duodenal ulcer development (18)(19)(20)(21). In our study, patients who supported these findings were of middle or older age and 58% of them were male.…”

The Etiological Factors of Duodenal and Gastric Ulcers

“…Apart from H pylori and NSAID, risk factors such as smoking, alcohol intake, age, and male gender were reported as contributing to the gastric and duodenal ulcer development (17)(18)(19)(20). In our study, patients who are supporting these findings were at middle or older age and 58% of them were male.…”

Systematic review of peptic ulcer disease incidence rates: do studies without validation provide reliable estimates?

“…After screening the titles, 395 abstracts and 119 complete articles were reviewed, and 88 were selected for detailed evaluation. Of these, 59 were rejected for the reasons as follows: the study population was not a general population or the IRs were reported for NSAID users and non‐users, but no data were provided for estimating incidence among the general population ( n = 15); the outcome was UGIB, but the percentage of bleeding cases caused specifically by peptic ulcer was not provided ( n = 5); the same population was used by different studies ( n = 11), and only the most recent one is included; no IR estimates, person–time, or number of cases were available ( n = 13); the measure of frequency was prevalence rather than incidence ( n = 4); only mortality or operation rate was reported ( n = 9); and the outcome was DU or GU alone ( n = 1) . We excluded another study because it used a rough approximation of population at risk (denominator); moreover, it was the only eligible article from a non‐Western country .…”