Smoking and the Risk of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

Leonardi‐Bee, Jo; Ellison, Thomas; Bath‐Hextall, Fiona

doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2012.1374

Cited by 99 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…Apart from skin cancer Zelefsky et al could not find any excessive risk of SC [21]. In contrast, no such increase was detectable in the RT after RPE group from our analysis indicating that the small increase in non-melanoma skin cancer in RT only patients may be attributed to other factors than the use of RT [39]. …”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Risk of second cancer following radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a population-based analysis

Hegemann¹,

Schlesinger-Raab²,

Ganswindt³

et al. 2017

Radiat Oncol

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BackgroundTo investigate the risk of second cancer and radiation induced second cancer following prostate cancer radiotherapy.MethodsWe compared men with radiotherapy only with those treated with radical prostatectomy only and those with radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Cumulative incidences of second cancers were calculated. Cox analyses were performed to identify determinants influencing second cancer incidence.ResultsNineteen thousand five hundred thirty eight patients were analyzed. Age and median follow-up differed significantly with radiotherapy only patients having the highest median age (70.3 years) and radical prostatectomy only patients the longest median follow-up (10.2 years). Ten-year cumulative incidence of second cancer was 15.9%, 13.2% and 10.5% for patients with radiotherapy only, radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy and radical prostatectomy only (p <0.0001). Increasing age and belonging to the radiotherapy only group were associated with a higher risk of second cancer—no significant increase was seen in radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy patients. A significantly higher rate of smoking related malignancies, like lung, bladder and non-melanoma skin cancer, was seen in radiotherapy only patients.ConclusionsNo clear increase in radiation induced second cancer was found in patients after radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Whereas the rate of second cancer was increased in radiotherapy only patients, no such increase was seen in patients with radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. The increase of second cancer following radiotherapy only is highly likely to reflect advanced age and lifestyle habits and comorbidities.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Risk of second cancer following radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a population-based analysis

Hegemann¹,

Schlesinger-Raab²,

Ganswindt³

et al. 2017

Radiat Oncol

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“…In a well-designed cohort study in Australia the risk of BCC was reduced in current-versus-never smokers (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.45–1.05) [28]. These results were consistent with the results of a meta-analysis that for BCC estimated a summary odds ratio (OR) of 0.95 (95% CI 0.82–1.09) in smokers compared with nonsmokers across 17 studies [29]. …”

Section: Individual Lifestyle Risk Factorssupporting

confidence: 69%

“…In the same meta-analysis by Leonardi-Bee, smoking was significantly associated with SCC risk although only 7 studies contributed data (summary OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.15–2.01) [29]. However, in a cohort study of smoking in relation to SCC risk carried out in Australia that was specifically designed to study skin cancer and thus had excellently characterized sun exposure and skin type data, the comparison of current smokers with never smokers yielded a relative risk that was weak and not statistically significant (RR 1.12; 95% CI 0.82–1.50); further, there was no evidence of a dose-response relationship [30].…”

Section: Individual Lifestyle Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Keratinocyte Carcinoma

2017

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Purpose of the review To provide a synopsis of recent research advances in the epidemiology of keratinocyte carcinoma (KC), with a focus on indoor tanning and known risk factors for other forms of cancer such as cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. Recent findings The evidence is strong enough to infer that use of UVR-emitting indoor tanning devices cause KC. Epidemiologic studies of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and menopausal hormone therapy all show some suggestion for increased risk of KC but the evidence is not yet strong enough to determine if there is a true etiologic role. Body mass index is clearly inversely associated with KC risk but this is more likely to be due to lower UVR exposure in overweight and obese individuals than it is due to a true etiologic role. Summary The epidemic of KC continues unabated, and the causal role of indoor tanning is contributing to this unfavorable trend in KC incidence rates. Advances in understanding the etiology of KC should not divert attention away from the fact that the primary public health strategy to prevent KC is known: minimize population exposure to UVR from the sun and from UVR-emitting indoor tanning devices, particularly among those with sun-sensitive phenotypes.

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“…False positive results also are possible due to multiple comparisons, and chance could explain some borderline associations. Finally, we lacked information on smoking history, which is related to SCC (51). and our UVR exposure metric was limited because it reflected residence at the time of transplant, rather than during childhood (52), and we lacked information on sun sensitivity factors (e.g., Fitzpatrick skin type), time spent outdoors, or sun shielding behaviors, though UVR is unlikely to confound non-cutaneous cancer risk estimates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Second Malignancies in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Who Develop Keratinocyte Cancers

et al. 2017

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Solid organ transplant recipients have increased risk for developing keratinocyte cancers (KC), including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), in part as a result of immunosuppressive medications administered to prevent graft rejection. In the general population, KC are associated with increased risks of subsequent malignancy, however, the risk in organ transplant populations has not been evaluated. We addressed this question by linking the U.S. Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, which includes data on KC occurrence, with 15 state cancer registries. Risk of developing malignancies after KC was assessed among 118,440 Caucasian solid organ transplant recipients using multivariate Cox regression models. Cutaneous SCC occurrence (n=6169) was associated with 1.44-fold increased risk [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31–1.59] for developing later malignancies. Risks were particularly elevated for non-cutaneous SCC, including those of the oral cavity/pharynx [hazard ratio (HR)=5.60, 95%CI: 4.18–7.50] and lung (HR=1.66, 95%CI: 1.16–2.31). Cutaneous SCC was also associated with increased risk of human papillomavirus-related cancers, including anal cancer (HR=2.77, 95%CI: 1.29–5.96) and female genital cancers (HR=3.43, 95%CI: 1.44–8.19). In contrast, BCC (n=3669) was not associated with overall risk of later malignancy (HR=0.98, 95%CI: 0.87–1.12) including any SCC. Our results suggest that transplant recipients with cutaneous SCC, but not BCC, have an increased risk of developing other SCC. These findings somewhat differ from those for the general population and suggest a shared etiology for cutaneous SCC and other SCC in the setting of immunosuppression. Cutaneous SCC occurrence after transplantation could serve as a marker for elevated malignancy risk.

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Smoking and the Risk of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

Cited by 99 publications

References 53 publications

Risk of second cancer following radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a population-based analysis

Risk of second cancer following radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a population-based analysis

Epidemiology of Keratinocyte Carcinoma

Risk of Second Malignancies in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Who Develop Keratinocyte Cancers

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