Smoking behaviors, physical activities, pulmonary diseases and COVID-19 severity: A Mendelian randomization study

Abstract

Smoking behaviors, physical activities, and pulmonary diseases have been revealed to be associated with COVID-19 severity through observational research. The possible causative effect remains undetermined. To investigate this, we thus carried out a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. We chose genetic variants from genome-wide association studies that are strongly linked to 5 exposures related to smoking, 1 exposure related to drinking, 3 levels of physical activity, and 3 pulmonary diseases. The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative provided summary-level data for severe COVID-19 (13,769 cases and 1,072,442 noncases), hospitalized COVID-19 (32,519 cases and 2,062,805 noncases), and COVID-19 susceptibility (122,616 cases and 2,475,240 noncases). Univariate and multivariate MR analyses were carried out. Significant associations were found between severe COVID-19 and cigarette smoking per day (OR = 1.357, 95% CI: 1.087–1.694), lifetime smoking index (OR = 2.277, 95% CI: 1.602–3.325), and interstitial lung disease (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.112–1.362), hospitalized COVID-19 and lifetime smoking index (OR = 2.199, 95% CI: 1.738–2.781), smoking initiation (OR = 1.419, 95% CI: 1.230–1.637), and interstitial lung disease (OR = 1.146, 95% CI: 1.082–1.214), as well as COVID-19 susceptibility and lifetime smoking index (OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.252–1.543), smoking initiation (OR = 1.235, 95% CI: 1.163–1.311), and duration of vigorous activity per day (OR = 0.733, 95% CI: 0.574–0.935). Duration of vigorous activity per day was suggestively inversely linked to hospitalized COVID-19 (OR = 0.434, 95% CI: 0.221–0.853) and severe COVID-19 (OR = 0.323, 95% CI: 0.123–0.850). The association for lifetime smoking index remained consistent with severe COVID-19, hospitalized COVID-19, and COVID-19 susceptibility in multivariable MR analysis. Genetic liability to lifetime smoking index mediated the interstitial lung disease effects on severe COVID-19 risk (21.0%) and hospitalized COVID-19 risk (14.4%). This study identified several smoking behaviors, duration of vigorous activity per day, and interstitial lung disease that may be causally related to COVID-19 severity.