2011
DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.558953
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Smoking habit, immune suppression, oral contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy use and cervical carcinogenesis: a review of the literature

Abstract: High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are involved in the etiopathogenesis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer. After taking HPV into account, smoking habit appears to be the most significant environmental risk factor, and the risk of this malignancy increases significantly with intensity and duration of smoking. Women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection experience a higher incidence of CIN and invasive cervical cancer. Among HIV+ women, the highly active antiretrovi… Show more

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Cited by 147 publications
(109 citation statements)
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“…Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 cause 75% of cervical cancer globally [4]. Other risk factors include tobacco consumption, multiple sexual partners, early age of sexual intercourse, increasing parity, prolonged use of oral contraceptive pills and having sexually transmitted diseases [5].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 cause 75% of cervical cancer globally [4]. Other risk factors include tobacco consumption, multiple sexual partners, early age of sexual intercourse, increasing parity, prolonged use of oral contraceptive pills and having sexually transmitted diseases [5].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For ovary cancer, there seems to be a slight increase in risk with estrogen use (14-16), but not to the risk ratios seen with breast cancer. Use seems not to have an impact on cervical cancer risk (17).…”
Section: Estrogen and Cancer Riskmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In a systematic review by Gadducci (2011), oral contraceptive consumption increased the relative risk of cervical cancer, and the risk decreased after pill discontinuation. Nevertheless, WHO does not recommend any changes in oral contraceptive practice as the benefit outweighs the risk.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%