Smoking in Correctional Settings Worldwide: Prevalence, Bans, and Interventions

Spaulding, Anne C.; Eldridge, Gloria D.; Chico, Cynthia E; Morisseau, Nancy; Drobeniuc, Ana; Fils-Aime, Rebecca; Day, Carolyn; Hopkins, Robyn; Jin, Xingzhong; Chen, Junyu; Dolan, Kate

doi:10.1093/epirev/mxy005

Cited by 61 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…This is due to socio-cultural causes; tobacco is used mostly by male rather than female. 11 Table 1 shows smoked cigarettes per day and age comparison within the smokers group. Table 2 explains PT, PTT, PLTs, INR values of cigarette smokers, and non-smokers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cigarette smoking on coagulation screening tests and platelet counts in a Sudanese male adults population

Elkhalifa

2018

SMJ

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Objectives:To study the effects of heavy cigarette smoking on coagulation (CGG) screening tests and platelet counts (PLTs) in a Sudanese male adults population.Methods:A case control study was conducted at both Kosti and Gabalein towns, Sudan, during October 2016 to May 2017. A 100 adult cigarette smokers were selected and another 100 matched non-smokers were selected as healthy controls. Blood samples were collected in trisodium citrate anti-coagulant for prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and international normalized ratio (INR), analyzed using standard methods (co-agulometer machine) and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for the platelet counts, using an automated haematology analyzer (Sysmex, Tokoyo, Japan).Results:The results showed that the mean platelet counts were significantly lower in the smokers (183x103/cmm±64x103/cmm) versus (244x103/cmm±38x103/cmm) in non-smokers, (p<0.000). Pearson correlation analysis suggested a weak negative correlation between platelet counts with the duration of smoking (r= -0.289, p<0.004) and the age of the smokers (r= -0.238, p<0.017). The mean PT and INR were also significantly lower in smokers (12.9±1.2 seconds) compared with the non-smokers (13.7±1.04 seconds, p<0.000), for PT and (0.95±0.09 versus 1.01±0.08, p<0.000) for INR. In contrast, PTT had no significant variation in smokers (30.5±3.8 seconds) and the non-smokers (37.9±4.6 seconds). A p-value>0.05 was considered significant.Conclusion:Cigarette smokers tend to have lower platelet counts, shorter PT, and INR values, compared to non-smokers. Therefore, smoking might be associated with bleeding disorders but further investigations are needed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cigarette smoking on coagulation screening tests and platelet counts in a Sudanese male adults population

Elkhalifa

2018

SMJ

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“…Tobacco smoking is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in people who are incarcerated. Spaulding et al ( 36 ) reviewed articles across 50 countries and found that the prevalence of tobacco smoking in prison is between 1.04 and 62.6 times higher in prison than in the surrounding community. Based on a conservative estimate of a 2-fold higher prevalence of smoking in prisoners, they extrapolated that almost 15 million smokers pass through prisons globally each year.…”

Section: Substance Use and Mental Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding and Improving the Health of People Who Experience Incarceration: An Overview and Synthesis

Kinner

Young

2018

Epidemiologic Reviews

123

105

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The world prison population is growing at a rate that exceeds the rate of population growth. This issue of Epidemiologic Reviews comprises articles in which researchers summarize what is known about some of the key health issues facing people in prison, particularly in relation to human immunodeficiency virus and other blood-borne viral infections. A key recurring theme is that addressing the health needs of people in prison is important to reducing health inequalities at the population level—that prisoner health is public health. The reviews also highlight some critical evidence gaps, notably the lack of evidence from low- and middle-income countries, and the limited number of longitudinal studies in which health behaviors, health outcomes, or health service experiences after release from prison are documented. Despite growing evidence of the poor health of detained adolescents, none of the included reviews considered this population. Further research on the health of young people who cycle through juvenile detention should be a priority. Despite a rapidly growing literature on the health of people who experience incarceration, some critical health issues remain poorly understood, and there has been insufficient attention devoted to co-occurring health conditions and the consequent need for coordinated care. Key populations in custodial settings remain understudied, limiting capacity to develop targeted, evidence-based responses to their health needs. The quality of many studies is suboptimal, and although rigorous, independent research in correctional settings can be challenging, it is not impossible and is critical to laying the groundwork for evidence-based reform.

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“…Si cotejamos en Paraguay la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco en la población general no privada de su libertad, encontramos que es del 14.1%, y si lo analizamos por sexo, la prevalencia es de 22,6% en varones y 5,4% en mujeres (1), muy por debajo de la prevalencia encontrada en este estudio, la que guarda similitud con los resultados de otros estudios (7,8,9,10), y evidencia la necesidad de elaborar planes y proyectos para ayudar a la salud de estas personas tomando en cuenta experiencias exitosas en otros países (11).…”

Section: Discusionunclassified