Smoking in schizophrenia

Šagud, Marina; Peleš, Alma Mihaljević; Pivac, Nela

doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000529

Cited by 83 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Although Qataris are not the majority in the population residing in Qatar, they are indeed the most stable; expatriates with unstable schizophrenia who are unable to work would end up leaving Qatar to their country of origin. Smoking is a common comorbidity in patients with schizophrenia [38], where about 75% of patients with schizophrenia smoke more than two packs of cigarettes per day [14]. Earlier studies also showed that smoking was associated with difficulty initiating sleep and difficulty waking up [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Reported Sleep and Exercise Patterns in Patients with Schizophrenia: a Cross-Sectional Comparative Study

et al. 2019

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Background Adequate sleep and physical activity have been linked to the overall well-being of both medical and psychiatric patients. Patients with schizophrenia have shown abnormal sleep patterns and decreased physical activity that were linked to their psychopathology and physical health. These phenomena are not studied yet in Arab patients with schizophrenia. The purpose of this study is to study the sleep and exercise patterns in Arab patients with schizophrenia compared with those of healthy controls. Method A total of 99 patients with schizophrenia and 101 controls were recruited. Arabic versions of sleep, exercise, sociodemographic, and clinical questionnaires were administered as well as the validated scales to measure psychopathology, depression, and suicidality in these participants. Results The majority of patients with schizophrenia slept more than 8 h per day and exercised less when compared with controls. Sleep quality was worse in those with higher depression score and higher suicidality scores were seen in patients with lower sleep duration. Multinomial regression showed that patients with schizophrenia have higher odds of sleeping more than 8 h even after controlling for the intake of antipsychotics, age, gender, smoking status, and other confounding factors. Conclusion Our results showed that Arab patients with schizophrenia are at increased risk of having longer sleep duration with inadequate physical activity, which are correlating with worsening of depressive symptoms and suicidality. Thus, more attention should be paid to the changes in sleep patterns and level of exercise when treating Arab patients with schizophrenia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Reported Sleep and Exercise Patterns in Patients with Schizophrenia: a Cross-Sectional Comparative Study

et al. 2019

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“…Cigarettes are very refined tools to deliver nicotine to the brain. Cigarette smoking modulates dopaminergic activity in the brain through inducing the release and inhibiting the degradation 35 . Furthermore, cigarette smoking can reduce impairments associated with dopamine hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex 35 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cigarette smoking modulates dopaminergic activity in the brain through inducing the release and inhibiting the degradation 35 . Furthermore, cigarette smoking can reduce impairments associated with dopamine hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex 35 . Therefore, patients with schizophrenia may practice self-medication behavior to alleviate their psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairments, and/or antipsychotic-induced side effects 10 , 11 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polygenic risk scores for late smoking initiation associated with the risk of schizophrenia

et al. 2020

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Patients with schizophrenia display characteristic smoking-related behaviors and genetic correlations between smoking behaviors and schizophrenia have been identified in European individuals. However, the genetic etiology of the association remains to be clarified. The present study investigated transethnic genetic overlaps between European-based smoking behaviors and the risk of Japanese schizophrenia by conducting polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses. Large-scale European genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets (n = 24,114–74,035) related to four smoking-related intermediate phenotypes [(i) smoking initiation, (ii) age at smoking initiation, (iii) smoking quantity, and (iv) smoking cessation] were utilized as discovery samples. PRSs derived from these discovery GWASs were calculated for 332 Japanese subjects [schizophrenia patients, their unaffected first-degree relatives (FRs), and healthy controls (HCs)] as a target sample. Based on GWASs of European smoking phenotypes, we investigated the effects of PRSs on smoking phenotypes and the risk of schizophrenia in the Japanese population. Of the four smoking-related behaviors, the PRSs for age at smoking initiation in Europeans significantly predicted the age at smoking initiation (R2 = 0.049, p = 0.026) and the PRSs for smoking cessation significantly predicted the smoking cessation (R2 = 0.092, p = 0.027) in Japanese ever-smokers. Furthermore, the PRSs related to age at smoking initiation in Europeans were higher in Japanese schizophrenia patients than in the HCs and those of the FRs were intermediate between those of patients with schizophrenia and those of the HCs (R2 = 0.015, p = 0.015). In our target subjects, patients with schizophrenia had a higher mean age at smoking initiation (p = 0.018) and rate of daily smoking initiation after age 20 years (p = 0.023) compared with the HCs. A total of 60.6% of the patients started to smoke before the onset of schizophrenia. These findings suggest that genetic factors affecting late smoking initiation are associated with the risk of schizophrenia.

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“…Personal habits such as hand washing before eating was suggested as a protective factor from elevated blood Pb level [30], while drug-naive schizophrenia patients are characterized by disorganized thinking and loss of goal-directed behaviors [7], which may lead to abnormal personal habits and higher levels of Pb in the blood. In addition, several studies indicated that patients with schizophrenia have a higher frequency of smoking [31], which may contribute to Pb exposure and the increased serum Pb level [32]. The mechanistic roles of Pb in schizophrenia and brain biological functions have been investigated in previous animal and epidemiological studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Typical Toxic Heavy Metals with Schizophrenia

Yan

Guo

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Toxic heavy metals (THMs) are contaminants commonly found in the environment. Although a large number of studies have demonstrated their damage to the biological functions of the human being, their potential associations with the risk of developing schizophrenia remain controversial. In this study, we investigated the associations between four THMs (chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As)) in serum and the risk of schizophrenia. In total, 95 patients with schizophrenia (cases) and 95 normal subjects (controls) were recruited from Hebei Province, China. The serum concentrations of the 4 THMs were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A higher concentration of Pb was found significantly associated with an elevated risk of schizophrenia (OR = 3.146; 95%CI: 1.238–7.994, p = 0.016), while significant association for the other three THMs were not observed. Besides, significant correlations were found between the metabolic biomarkers and the concentrations of Pb and As, respectively. In order to further characterize the association between these THMs and schizophrenia with greater statistical power, we conducted meta-analysis by including 538 cases and 1040 controls from the current study and 5 available datasets published from 2002 to 2018. Using a random-effect model, Cr was significantly associated with schizophrenia (SMD = 0.3246; 95%CI: 0.0166–0.6326, p < 0.01). Overall, this study suggested that higher levels of Pb and Cr may be one of the factors associated with an elevated risk of schizophrenia.

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Smoking in schizophrenia

Cited by 83 publications

References 61 publications

Self-Reported Sleep and Exercise Patterns in Patients with Schizophrenia: a Cross-Sectional Comparative Study

Self-Reported Sleep and Exercise Patterns in Patients with Schizophrenia: a Cross-Sectional Comparative Study

Polygenic risk scores for late smoking initiation associated with the risk of schizophrenia

Association of Typical Toxic Heavy Metals with Schizophrenia

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