“…1 ). Based on a previous epidemiological study that examined the relationship between smoking and pain among 1189 Japanese workers [ 3 ], we established a sample size of approximately double for this study. Fig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Smoking is an independent risk factor in the onset and progression of persistent pain [ 1 , 2 ]. A previous study reported that smoking was associated with the impact of pain on work [ 3 ]. Both systemic inflammation due to smoking [ 4 ] and the effect of nicotine on the central nervous system [ 5 ] have been identified as mechanisms associated with the relationship between smoking and the severity of persistent pain.…”
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate whether smoking is an independent risk factor for central sensitization syndrome (CSS) in individuals with pain as measured by the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI).
Methods
In 2020, we conducted an Internet survey targeting 2000 ordinary residents of Japan (aged 20–69 years) who had pain symptoms from October to November 2020. A multiple regression analysis was performed on the association between smoking status (nonsmokers and current smokers; Brinkman index) and CSI values. Moreover, compared to nonsmokers, the relative risk (RR) of the CSI cut-off score of 40 points or higher among current smokers was calculated using a modified Poisson regression model. Covariates included age, sex, body mass index, marital status, equivalized income, exercise habits, history of hypertension, history of hyperlipidemia, history of diabetes, pain chronicity, and Pain Catastrophizing Scale score.
Results
This study analyzed 1,822 individuals (1,041 men and 781 women). Among those experiencing pain, current smoking was associated with the increase in CSI values (β = 0.07). The Brinkman index was also significantly associated with the increase in CSI values (β = 0.06). Current smoking also increased the risk of being over the CSI cut-off score, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.29 (95% confidence intervals, 1.04–1.60). Younger age, being women, experiencing chronic pain, and higher pain catastrophizing thinking were also significantly associated with increased CSS severity, independent of smoking status.
Conclusion
Smoking is an independent risk factor for CSS. This indicates that smoking may be an important factor in the management of central pain disorders.
“…1 ). Based on a previous epidemiological study that examined the relationship between smoking and pain among 1189 Japanese workers [ 3 ], we established a sample size of approximately double for this study. Fig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Smoking is an independent risk factor in the onset and progression of persistent pain [ 1 , 2 ]. A previous study reported that smoking was associated with the impact of pain on work [ 3 ]. Both systemic inflammation due to smoking [ 4 ] and the effect of nicotine on the central nervous system [ 5 ] have been identified as mechanisms associated with the relationship between smoking and the severity of persistent pain.…”
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate whether smoking is an independent risk factor for central sensitization syndrome (CSS) in individuals with pain as measured by the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI).
Methods
In 2020, we conducted an Internet survey targeting 2000 ordinary residents of Japan (aged 20–69 years) who had pain symptoms from October to November 2020. A multiple regression analysis was performed on the association between smoking status (nonsmokers and current smokers; Brinkman index) and CSI values. Moreover, compared to nonsmokers, the relative risk (RR) of the CSI cut-off score of 40 points or higher among current smokers was calculated using a modified Poisson regression model. Covariates included age, sex, body mass index, marital status, equivalized income, exercise habits, history of hypertension, history of hyperlipidemia, history of diabetes, pain chronicity, and Pain Catastrophizing Scale score.
Results
This study analyzed 1,822 individuals (1,041 men and 781 women). Among those experiencing pain, current smoking was associated with the increase in CSI values (β = 0.07). The Brinkman index was also significantly associated with the increase in CSI values (β = 0.06). Current smoking also increased the risk of being over the CSI cut-off score, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.29 (95% confidence intervals, 1.04–1.60). Younger age, being women, experiencing chronic pain, and higher pain catastrophizing thinking were also significantly associated with increased CSS severity, independent of smoking status.
Conclusion
Smoking is an independent risk factor for CSS. This indicates that smoking may be an important factor in the management of central pain disorders.
“…These include associations between chronic pain and greater nicotine dependence, perceived barriers to and more difficulty quitting, and other cessation-related problems. [10][11][12] In addition, smoking has been associated with an increased adverse effect in response to pain, 13 increased pain-related occupational disability, 14 and an increase in pain intensity. 12 The association between smoking and increased pain intensity has primarily been observed in studies in the general patient population reporting chronic pain.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, smoking has been associated with an increased adverse effect in response to pain, 13 increased pain-related occupational disability, 14 and an increase in pain intensity. 12 The association between smoking and increased pain intensity has primarily been observed in studies in the general patient population reporting chronic pain.…”
Objective: To describe current tobacco use among patients with newly confirmed fibromyalgia and evaluate the association between tobacco use status and severity of reported pain and other fibromyalgia symptoms.Patients and Methods: Participants in this study were adult patients (N¼1068) with fibromyalgia who met American College of Rheumatology 2010/2011 clinical criteria for fibromyalgia at the time of initial presentation to a Midwest fibromyalgia clinic (June 1, 2018, through May 31, 2019). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess the association of tobacco use status with the Widespread Pain Index (WPI) and Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) scores. Covariates included in these analyses included age, sex, body mass index, depression, opioid medication use, and use of fibromyalgia-specific pharmacotherapy. Results: The patients were largely women (87.0%; n¼929), white (87.9%; n¼939), and with an average AE SD age of 46.6AE13.9 years. The WPI and SSS scores were significantly greater in current tobacco users compared with never tobacco users (WPI effect estimate [EE] ¼ 1.03; 95% CI, 0.30 to 1.76; type III P¼.020; SSS EE ¼ 0.47; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.84; type III P¼.036). The WPI score was negatively associated with age (EE ¼ À0.02 per year; 95% CI, À0.03 to À0.001 per year; P¼.037) and no use of opioid medication (EE ¼ À1.08; 95% CI, À1.59 to À0.57; P<.001) while positively associated with higher body mass index (EE ¼ 0.03 per 1 kg/m 2 ; 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.06 per kg/m 2 ; P¼.04) and higher Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score (EE ¼ 0.12; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.16; P<.001).
Conclusion:The results of our study suggest that tobacco use is associated with greater pain and other symptom severity in patients with fibromyalgia. These findings have important clinical and research implications for patients with fibromyalgia who use tobacco and who may benefit from early identification and timely implementation of tobacco cessation treatment to decrease pain and improve overall quality of life.
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