Smoking was a Possible Negative Predictor of Incident Hypertension After a Five-Year Follow-up Among a General Japanese Population

Abstract

BackgroundsThe association between cigarette smoking and hypertension is controversial. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between smoking and incident hypertension.MethodsThis is a post-hoc five-year follow-up study in a general Japanese population. Logistic regressions were performed using incident hypertension as an outcome and smoking status as an independent predictor adjusting for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), drinking status, and diabetes in 1,297 subjects without hypertension at baseline.ResultsThe incidence of hypertension was 16.9% vs. 27.6% (smokers vs. nonsmokers, P = 0.01) in men and 0.0% vs. 16.9% (smokers vs. nonsmokers, P = 0.03) in women. The odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of incident hypertension was 0.38 (0.19 - 0.76) (P = 0.006) for smokers at baseline, 0.33 (0.16 - 0.68) (P = 0.003) for continuing smokers, and 2.11 (0.33 - 13.45) (P = 0.4) for ex-smokers. Age (OR = 1.52, P < 0.0001), BMI (OR = 1.46, P < 0.0001), and FPG (OR = 1.23, P = 0.007) were other independent predictors of incident hypertension.ConclusionsSmoking was a possible significant negative predictor of incident hypertension in a general Japanese population.

Traditional risk factors for essential hypertension: analysis of their specific combinations in the EPIC-Potsdam cohort

“…Smoking has been largely recognised as an important risk factor of hypertension. It is associated with phenomena involved in hypertension’s pathogenesis, such as endothelial dysfunction 40 , atherosclerotic plaque formation 41 or arterial stiffness 42 and it showed to have a role in the development of hypertension in epidemiological studies 15,16,43,44 . However, our findings are not isolated.…”

“…So far the largest body of literature analysed MLFs separately, and information about how they are combined in the population and how such combinations impact risk are scarce, as well as information about clusters of association and mutual interactions. We identified six MLFs with sufficient evidence of a causal co-responsibility regarding the occurrence of hypertension: general and abdominal obesity 10–12 , excessive use of alcohol 13,14 , smoking 15,16 , lack of physical activity 17 and low adherence to the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet 18,19 . Therefore, this study aimed to provide information about the prevalence and risk association of the MLFs combinations observed in a large adult German cohort, with insights about clustering and interactions of MLFs.…”

Overall quit in triple users of conventional cigarette, e-cigarette and heated tobacco product among healthy adults: a Korea Medical Institute health check-up study

“…22 Smokers have Open access a higher risk of hypertension, with 16.9% for men and 27.6% for women compared with non-smokers. 23 It has also been reported that dual users of CC and EC have a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome than exclusive CC smokers. 24 Therefore, the results of this study can be thought of as reflecting a larger number of smokers in patients with hypertension and hyperlipidaemia because it is a cross-sectional study.…”

Cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome components: a cross-sectional study from Maracaibo City, Venezuela

“…On the other hand, diverse evidence suggests an inverse relationship between these factors. Kaneko et al 47 , in a recent study of 1297 Japanese individuals without any history of high blood pressure, showed that cigarette smoking appeared to be a “protective” factor against blood pressure elevation. Onat et al 48 observed a similar pattern in a Turkish population.…”