Smooth Muscle Cell-Proteoglycan-Lipoprotein Interactions as Drivers of Atherosclerosis

Allahverdian, Sima; Ortega, Carleena

doi:10.1007/164_2020_364

Cited by 13 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…DIT VMSCs have more synthetic organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes [ 64 ]. This is consistent with the fact that DIT is abundantly composed of VSMC-derived secretory products such elastin and proteoglycans which trap lipoproteins in the subendothelial space [ 18 ]. In contrast, DIT lacks macrophages [ 65 , 66 ].…”

Section: Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Early Atherosclerosissupporting

confidence: 82%

“…DIT is mainly composed of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with abundant proteoglycans and elastic fibers but is devoid of lipids and macrophages. DIT contributes to the development of atherosclerosis by promoting the initial retention of lipoproteins via ionic interactions between negatively charged proteoglycans and positively charged apolipoproteins such as apoB100 and apoE [ 17 , 18 ]. While lipoproteins accumulate in DIT, medial VSMCs of mono- or oligoclonal origin also migrate to the intima where they proliferate and further contribute to DIT [ 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is not clear whether the VSMCs present in DIT in fetuses and infants originate from the surrounding media. This creates optimal conditions for the retention of penetrating lipoproteins within the DIT where they accumulate and aggregate over time, promoting their modification by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enzymes (lipases and myeloperoxidase) [ 18 ]. The formation of foam cells comprising mainly foam cells derived from VSMCs and to a lesser extent foam cells derived from macrophages constitutes the first stage of early atherosclerotic lesions called fatty streaks [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Macrophages in Atherosclerosis, First or Second Row Players?

2021

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Macrophages represent a cell type that has been widely described in the context of atherosclerosis since the earliest studies in the 17th century. Their role has long been considered to be preponderant in the onset and aggravation of atherosclerosis, in particular by participating in the establishment of a chronic inflammatory state by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and by uncontrolled engorgement of lipids resulting in the formation of foam cells and later of the necrotic core. However, recent evidence from mouse models using an elegant technique of tracing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during plaque development revealed that resident VSMCs display impressive plastic properties in response to an arterial injury, allowing them to switch into different cell types within the plaque, including mesenchymal-like cells, macrophage-like cells and osteochondrogenic-like cells. In this review, we oppose the arguments in favor or against the influence of macrophages versus VSMCs in all stages of atherosclerosis including pre-atherosclerosis, formation of lipid-rich foam cells, development of the necrotic core and the fibrous cap as well as calcification and rupture of the plaque. We also analyze the relevance of animal models for the investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis in humans, and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting either VSMCs or macrophage to prevent the development of cardiovascular events. Overall, although major findings have been made from animal models, efforts are still needed to better understand and therefore prevent the development of atherosclerotic plaques in humans.

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Section: Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Early Atherosclerosissupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Macrophages in Atherosclerosis, First or Second Row Players?

2021

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“…After the last decades of atherosclerosis research, proteoglycans and subsequently, their GAGs have been mainly considered in the context of SMC and endothelium biology [ 18 , 19 ▪ ]. However, the last years’ research offers fresh insight on how immune cells with PGs and their GAGs can orchestrate atherosclerosis progression.…”

Section: Proteoglycans and Their Glycosaminoglycans In Atherosclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular matrix: paving the way to the newest trends in atherosclerosis

Gialeli

Shami

Gonçalves

2021

Current Opinion in Lipidology

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Purpose of review The extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for all aspects of vascular pathobiology. In vascular disease the balance of its structural components is shifted. In atherosclerotic plaques there is in fact a dynamic battle between stabilizing and proinflammatory responses. This review explores the most recent strides that have been made to detail the active role of the ECM – and its main binding partners – in driving atherosclerotic plaque development and destabilization. Recent findings Proteoglycans-glycosaminoglycans (PGs-GAGs) synthesis and remodelling, as well as elastin synthesis, cross-linking, degradation and its elastokines potentially affect disease progression, providing multiple steps for potential therapeutic intervention and diagnostic targeted imaging. Of note, GAGs biosynthetic enzymes modulate the phenotype of vascular resident and infiltrating cells. In addition, while plaque collagen structure exerts very palpable effects on its immediate surroundings, a new role for collagen is also emerging on a more systemic level as a biomarker for cardiovascular disease as well as a target for selective drug-delivery. Summary The importance of studying the ECM in atherosclerosis is more and more acknowledged and various systems are being developed to visualize, target and mimic it.

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“…Atherosclerosis (AS) is considered as a non-specific inflammatory disease, mainly involving the intima and medial layer of the arterial wall, which is the pathological basis of various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (1,2). Cardiovascular disease is still the leading cause of death worldwide, with an increasing prevalence in developing countries (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Stress A Potential Suspect Zero of Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review

Meng

Zhang

Luo³

et al. 2021

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease, in which the lipid accumulation in the intima of the arteries shows yellow atheromatous appearance, which is the pathological basis of many diseases, such as coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and cerebrovascular disease. In recent years, it has become the main cause of death in the global aging society, which seriously endangers human health. As a result, research on AS is increasing. Lesions of atherosclerosis contain macrophages, T cells and other cells of the immune response, together with cholesterol that infiltrates from the blood. Recent studies have shown that chronic stress plays an important role in the occurrence and development of AS. From the etiology of disease, social, environmental and genetic factors jointly determine the occurrence of disease. Atherosclerotic cardio-cerebrovascular disease (ASCVD) is often caused by chronic stress (CS). If it cannot be effectively prevented, there will be biological changes in the body environment successively, and then the morphological changes of the corresponding organs. If the patient has a genetic predisposition and a combination of environmental factors triggers the pathogenesis, then chronic stress can eventually lead to AS. Therefore, this paper discusses the influence of chronic stress on AS in the aspects of inflammation, lipid metabolism, endothelial dysfunction, hemodynamics and blood pressure, plaque stability, autophagy, ferroptosis, and cholesterol efflux.

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Smooth Muscle Cell-Proteoglycan-Lipoprotein Interactions as Drivers of Atherosclerosis

Cited by 13 publications

References 110 publications

Macrophages in Atherosclerosis, First or Second Row Players?

Macrophages in Atherosclerosis, First or Second Row Players?

Extracellular matrix: paving the way to the newest trends in atherosclerosis

Chronic Stress A Potential Suspect Zero of Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review

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