2019
DOI: 10.1002/ca.23515
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Smooth muscle of the male pelvic floor: An anatomic study

Abstract: Introduction: Knowledge of the anatomy of the male pelvic floor is important to avoid damaging the pelvic floor muscles during surgery. We set out to explore the structure and innervation of the smooth muscle of the whole pelvic floor using male fetuses. Material and Methods: We removed en-bloc the entire pelvis of three male fetuses. The specimens were serially sectioned before being stained with Masson's trichrome and hematoxylin and eosin, and immunostained for smooth muscles, and somatic, adrenergic, senso… Show more

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Cited by 12 publications
(25 citation statements)
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“…In the region anterior to the rectum and anal canal, the anterior bundle of longitudinal muscle (in addition to the rectourethral muscle) has been reported as a smooth muscle structure that descends in front of the external anal sphincter; however, it is not well known (Aigner et al, 2004; Muro et al, 2018; Nakajima et al, 2017; Zhai et al, 2011). In addition, it was classically common to call the skeletal muscle present in the deep perineal pouch the “deep transverse perineal muscle.” However, in recent reports, the smooth muscle plate‐like structures in the deep perineal pouch have often been described as the deep transverse perineal muscle (Muro et al, 2018; NyangohTimoh et al, 2019; Wu et al, 2017; Wu et al, 2018; Zhai et al, 2011). Thus, the smooth muscle structures around the rectum have been described separately in most previous studies, causing some confusion.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…In the region anterior to the rectum and anal canal, the anterior bundle of longitudinal muscle (in addition to the rectourethral muscle) has been reported as a smooth muscle structure that descends in front of the external anal sphincter; however, it is not well known (Aigner et al, 2004; Muro et al, 2018; Nakajima et al, 2017; Zhai et al, 2011). In addition, it was classically common to call the skeletal muscle present in the deep perineal pouch the “deep transverse perineal muscle.” However, in recent reports, the smooth muscle plate‐like structures in the deep perineal pouch have often been described as the deep transverse perineal muscle (Muro et al, 2018; NyangohTimoh et al, 2019; Wu et al, 2017; Wu et al, 2018; Zhai et al, 2011). Thus, the smooth muscle structures around the rectum have been described separately in most previous studies, causing some confusion.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The levator ani is continuous with the external anal sphincter in the anterior and posterior regions of the anal canal, as illustrated in Figure 8. In addition, this series of smooth muscle structures appears to serve as a nerve pathway to the pelvic organs (NyangohTimoh et al, 2019). Analyzing nerves in relation to smooth muscles could clarify nerve distribution to the urethra and secretory glands.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The gluteus maximus muscle is connected via a connective tissue strip at the level of the ischioanalis fossa to the muscle complex of the levator ani; a contraction of the latter is equivalent to a contraction of the gluteus maximus, as demonstrated by electromyographic and magnetic resonance assessments [13]. The innervation of the pelvic musculature is complex, as smooth muscle fibers (not just skeletal muscle fibers) can be found in the levator ani muscle group; these smooth fibers are found mainly in the central and medial area [14]. This area rich in smooth muscle fibers is innervated by the sympathetic nerves of the inferior hypogastric plexus; the remaining muscular area of the pelvic floor is innervated by the levator ani nerve and the pudendal nerve [15].…”
Section: Anatomy Of the Pelvic Floormentioning
confidence: 99%