Smoothing

Hollander, Myles; Wolfe, Douglas A.; Chicken, Eric

doi:10.1002/9781119196037.ch14

Cited by 138 publications

(158 citation statements)

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“…Abbreviations: BACS Symbol Coding, Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, Symbol Coding subtest; BVMT-R, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised; CF Animal Naming, Category Fluency, Animal Naming test; CPT-IP, Continuous Performance Test–Identical Pairs version; HVLT-R, Hopkin’s Verbal Learning Test–Revised; MCCB, Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognition Battery; MMSE, Mini-Mental Status Examination; NA, not applicable; NAB Mazes, Neuropsychological Assessment Battery, Mazes subtest; RMET-CV-R, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, revised Chinese version; TMT-A, Trail Making Test, Part A; WMS-III Spatial Span, Wechsler Memory Scale, third edition, Spatial Span subtest. a Includes test results with confirmed validity on the MMSE and 9 cognitive tests (8 tests from the MCCB plus the RMET-CV-R). b Spearman partial correlation coefficient for the association between cognitive outcome and group (the untreated patient group was assigned a value of 1, and the control group was assigned a value of 0), controlled for sex, age, years of education, location of residence (rural vs urban), and ethnicity (Han vs Hui). Based on the statistical test for Spearman partial correlation coefficients, all P values were less than .001. c False discovery rates <.001. d Calculated using d′ reaction time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… b Spearman partial correlation coefficient for the association between cognitive outcome and group (the untreated patient group was assigned a value of 1, and the control group was assigned a value of 0), controlled for sex, age, years of education, location of residence (rural vs urban), and ethnicity (Han vs Hui). Based on the statistical test for Spearman partial correlation coefficients, all P values were less than .001.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used χ 2 and Wilcoxon rank sum tests to compare demographic characteristics between groups. A statistical test based on the Spearman partial correlation coefficient was used to detect differences in cognitive test results between groups (individuals in the untreated patient group were assigned a value of 1 and individuals in the control group were assigned a value of 0), controlling for sex, age, ethnicity (Han vs Hui), years of education, and location of residence (urban vs rural).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association Between the Duration of Untreated Psychosis and Selective Cognitive Performance in Community-Dwelling Individuals With Chronic Untreated Schizophrenia in Rural China

et al. 2020

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IMPORTANCE Cognitive deficits constitute core features of schizophrenia, but the trajectories of cognitive difficulties in chronic untreated schizophrenia remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To assess the association of neuropsychological deficits with duration of untreated psychosis in individuals with chronic untreated schizophrenia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling individuals with chronic untreated schizophrenia (untreated patient group) and individuals without mental illness (control group) were recruited from predominantly rural communities in Ningxia, China between June 20, 2016, and August 6, 2019, and administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the Mini-Mental State Examination, an 8-test version of the MATRICS Consensus Cognition Battery adapted for use in individuals with low levels of education, and a measure of social cognition. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Comparison of cognitive test scores between the two groups and association of cognitive test scores with duration of untreated schizophrenia. RESULTS The patient group included 197 individuals with chronic untreated schizophrenia (101 men [51.3%]; mean [SD] age, 52.1 [11.8] years; median [interquartile range] years of schooling, 3 [0-6] years; median [interquartile range] years of untreated psychosis, 22.9 [14.9-32.8] years). The control group included 220 individuals (118 men [53.6%]; mean [SD] age, 52.1 [11.2] years; median [interquartile range] years of schooling, 4 [0-6] years). The untreated patient group performed significantly worse than the control group on all cognitive measures (adjusted partial Spearman correlation coefficient [Spearman ρ] ranged from −0.35 for the revised Chinese version of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test to −0.60 for the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised; P < .001 for all comparisons). Longer durations of untreated psychosis were associated with lower performance in 3 MATRICS Consensus Cognition Battery measures assessing different aspects of executive functioning (Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised [ρ = −0.20; P = .04]; Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, Symbol Coding subtest [ρ = −0.35; P < .001]; and Neuropsychological Assessment Battery, Mazes subtest [ρ = −0.24; P = .01]). The median duration of untreated psychosis (22.9 years) was associated with estimated score reductions in the 3 measures of 34% (95% CI, 10%-52%), 43% (95% CI, 28%-55%), and 57% (95% CI, 31%-73%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEThe findings of this study suggest that long-term untreated schizophrenia was associated with decreases in selective cognitive abilities; both neurodegenerative pathology and neurodevelopmental dysfunction may be factors in cognition in persistent psychosis. Expanding research to include cohorts of patients from underserved rural communities in low-and middle-income countries may provide new insights about the etiological factors, disease course, and management of schizophrenia.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association Between the Duration of Untreated Psychosis and Selective Cognitive Performance in Community-Dwelling Individuals With Chronic Untreated Schizophrenia in Rural China

et al. 2020

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“…The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to assess statistical significance in the difference of errors for each pair of model forms. 45 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

County-level estimates of suicide mortality in the USA: a modelling study

Kandula¹,

Martínez-Alés²,

Rutherford³

et al. 2023

The Lancet Public Health

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“…However, it does not specify their magnitude (i.e., how much they change). To account for the magnitude, a Theil-Sen's slope [60,61], which estimates a monthly rate of change that can be used to calculate the absolute change over the study period, was obtained by computing a set of N = n(n − 1)/2 slope values [62]:…”

Section: Algorithm To Analyse Lai Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest Degradation Assessment Based on Trend Analysis of MODIS-Leaf Area Index: A Case Study in Mexico

2019

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Assessing forest degradation has been a challenging task due to the generally slow-changing nature of the process, which demands long periods of observation and high frequency of records. This research contributes to efforts aimed at detecting forest degradation by analyzing the trend component of the time series of Leaf Area Index (LAI) collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) over Central Mexico from 2002 to 2017. The analysis of the trend component is proposed to overcome the challenge of identifying very subtle and gradual changes that can be undetected if only the raw time series is examined. Additionally, the use of LAI as an alternative to other widely used indexes (e.g., Normalize Difference Vegetation Index and Enhanced Vegetation Index) facilitates consideration of the structural changes evident from degradation though not necessarily observable with spectral indices. Overall, results indicate that 52% of the study area has experienced positive trends of vegetation change (i.e., increasing LAI), 37% has remained unchanged, and 11% exhibits some level of forest degradation. Particularly, the algorithm estimated that 0.6% (385 km 2 ) is highly degraded, 5.3% (3406 km 2 ) moderately degraded, and 5.1% (3245 km 2 ) slightly degraded. Most of the moderate and highly degraded areas are distributed over the east side of the study area and evergreen broadleaf appears to be the most affected forest type. Model validation resulted an accuracy of 63%. Some actions to improve this accuracy are suggested, but also a different approach to validate this type of study is suggested as an area of opportunity for future research.

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Smoothing

Cited by 138 publications

References 0 publications

Association Between the Duration of Untreated Psychosis and Selective Cognitive Performance in Community-Dwelling Individuals With Chronic Untreated Schizophrenia in Rural China

Association Between the Duration of Untreated Psychosis and Selective Cognitive Performance in Community-Dwelling Individuals With Chronic Untreated Schizophrenia in Rural China

County-level estimates of suicide mortality in the USA: a modelling study

Forest Degradation Assessment Based on Trend Analysis of MODIS-Leaf Area Index: A Case Study in Mexico

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