Snacking Increased among U.S. Adults between 1977 and 2006

Piernas, Carmen; Popkin, Barry M.

doi:10.3945/jn.109.112763

Cited by 288 publications

(271 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Admittedly, consumers' reliance on consumption norms may be particularly effective in conditions of diverted attention, such as when snacking while watching TV, because of decreased consumption monitoring (Higgs & Woodward, 2009;Wansink, 2004). A caloric increase caused by a CS variation may have important implications for body weight regulation, especially given that snacks have increased in energy density, frequency and contribution to daily caloric intake (Piernas & Popkin, 2010). In this view, researchers, health organizations and dieting programs have all recommended the use of smaller containers (Weight Watcher; National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1999; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Container size influences snack food intake independently of portion size

2012

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a b s t r a c tWhile larger containers have been found to increase food intake, it is unclear whether this effect is driven by container size, portion size, or their combination, as these variables are usually confounded. The study was advertised as examining the effects of snack food consumption on information processing and participants were served M&M's for free consumption in individual cubicles while watching a TV show. Participants were served (1) a medium portion of M&M's in a small (n = 30) or (2) in a large container (n = 29), or (3) a large portion in a large container (n = 29). The larger container increased intake by 129% (199 kcal) despite holding portion size constant, while controlling for different confounding variables. This research suggests that larger containers stimulate food intake over and above their impact on portion size.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Container size influences snack food intake independently of portion size

2012

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“…Similar to the findings in our study, dinner was an important source of fish and vegetables, while snacks contributed substantially to fruit intake. Other studies have also found that fruits are a common component of snacks (18)(19)(20)(21) . However, the contribution of different meal types to intakes of different food items is likely to vary in different populations and population subgroups, e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meal types as sources for intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains among Norwegian adults

Myhre

Løken

Wandel

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To study how different meals contribute to intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains in a group of Norwegian adults and in subgroups of this population. Moreover, to investigate the consequences of skipping the meal contributing most to the intake of each food group (main contributing meal). Design: Cross-sectional dietary survey in Norwegian adults. Dietary data were collected using two non-consecutive telephone-administered 24 h recalls. The recorded meal types were breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper/evening meal and snacks. Setting: Nationwide, Norway (2010)(2011). Subjects: Adults aged 18-70 years (n 1787). Results: Dinner was the main contributing meal for fish and vegetables, while snacks were the main contributing meal for fruit intake. For whole grains, breakfast was the main contributing meal. The main contributing meal did not change for any of the food groups when studying subgroups of the participants according to intake of each food group, educational level or age. A substantially lower intake of the food groups in question was found on days when the main contributing meal was skipped. Conclusions: Intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains largely depend on one meal type. Inclusion of these foods in other meals in addition to the main contributing meal, preferably replacing energy-dense nutrient-poor foods, should be promoted.

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“…A representative survey in the US revealed that daily caloric intake from snacks increased from 357 kcal in the 1970s to 579 kcal in 2003-2006 (i.e. about 25% of the recommended daily intake; Piernas & Popkin, 2010). The situation is even worse in US children (2-19 years) for whom the percentage of kcal consumed from snacks per day increased from 24% in the 1970s to 36% in -2006(Piernas & Popkin, 2011.…”

Section: Adhering To Dietary Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Healthy diet: Health impact, prevalence, correlates, and interventions

Ridder

Kroese

Evers

et al. 2017

Psychology & Health

226

146

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Objective: To discuss healthy diet from a psychological perspective by considering definitions of healthy diet in terms of consumer understanding; the health effects of specific dietary elements in terms of overweight and (chronic) illness; the prevalence of healthy diet; the psychological and environmental determinants of healthy diet; and the psychological interventions that have been designed to promote healthy diet. Design: A systematic review of the psychological literature on healthy diet. Results: Our findings suggest that consumers have a relatively poor understanding of a healthy diet. The literature also demonstrates that there is poor evidence on the health protective effects of single foods or nutrients. We further show that low SES is the single consistent risk factor for not adhering to a healthy diet. Our review of the literature on determinants demonstrates that intentions, habits, self-regulatory skills, and the social and physical environment are the most important determinants of a healthy diet, which are in turn amenable to change by intervention strategies with varying levels of effectiveness. Educational interventions generally show a limited effect on practising a healthy diet whereas interventions targeting habitual behaviour and/or the physical environment seem more promising. Conclusions: In view of the large number of people who are concerned about their diets and make attempts to change their dietary patterns, we conclude that it is crucial to gain a better understanding of both the automatic and environmental influences that are responsible for people not acting upon their good intentions for diet change.

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Snacking Increased among U.S. Adults between 1977 and 2006

Cited by 288 publications

References 49 publications

Container size influences snack food intake independently of portion size

Container size influences snack food intake independently of portion size

Meal types as sources for intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and whole grains among Norwegian adults

Healthy diet: Health impact, prevalence, correlates, and interventions

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