Snag Benchmarks and Treatment Options for Mixed‐Pine Forest Restoration in Eastern Upper Michigan

Corace, R. Gregory; Stout, Anna T.; Goebel, P. Charles; Hix, David M.

doi:10.1111/j.1526-100x.2012.00929.x

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Oaks were the most resilient species when girdled (Average Decay State: Oak = 4.5; Maple = 6.55; Hickory = 7). Other studies [22,47] found decay states over time were species specific. Oaks took the longest to progress through decay stages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Tree Girdling for Potential Bat Roost Creation in Northwestern West Virginia

Schroder¹,

Ward²

2022

Forests

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Cavity/crevice tree-roosting bats in North America face an uncertain future with many factors impacting their populations. To benefit crevice/cavity roosting bat species, forests are often enhanced with the use of tree girdling. In October 2015, 20 maples, 22 oaks, and 18 hickories were girdled using a method with fell cut and herbicide (frilling) or double-girdling with a chainsaw. From 2016–2021, targeted trees were observed and the tree’s decay state was collected. The average time for trees to display suitable roosting characteristics for frilling trees was 3.23 years while it was 4.46 years for double girdling. The average time frilling trees contained suitable roosting characteristics was 3.20 years while it was 1.63 years for double girdling. The frilling method resulted in a quicker kill of trees than double girdling and frilling trees had suitable roosting characteristics for a longer duration. Frilling was effective killing all three types of trees, while the double girdling was less effective, especially on oaks. When grouping species and treatment in analysis, only average decay states between maple frill and oak double girdling and hickory frill and oak double girdling were significantly different. This evaluation demonstrates that roost tree creation relating to tree species and girdling methodology has a temporal component that should be considered when managing for crevice/cavity bat roosts and multiple habitat creation methods should be used in conjunction with snag creation to provide sustainable bat habitat over longer time periods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Tree Girdling for Potential Bat Roost Creation in Northwestern West Virginia

Schroder¹,

Ward²

2022

Forests

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“…Current stands have been significantly altered, having a large component of jack pine and deciduous species in many areas. These altered naturally regenerated stands, coupled with available information on stand structure, composition and disturbance history from prior studies within SNWR (Drobyshev et al 2008a, b;Corace III et al 2013;Nyamai et al 2014) makes the study area a good model system to test emerging restoration and management techniques such as VRH.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Regeneration patterns of key pine species in a mixed-pine forest indicate a positive effect of variable retention harvesting and an increase in recruitment with time

et al. 2020

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Background: Many fire-dependent forests have experienced significant declines in species, structural, and functional diversity. These changes are attributed in part to traditional management approaches that were dominated by even-aged regeneration methods such as clearcutting. Variable retention harvesting (VRH) is an ecologically based forestry practice that involves retention of some mature overstory trees and other biological structures in the postharvest stand to emulate the effects of natural disturbance events. In this study, we examined the effect of a VRH treatment on recruitment of historically dominant pine species and understory vegetation twoand six years after its implementation in a naturally regenerated mixed pine forest in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA. Results: We found greater regeneration of red pine (Pinus resinosa L.) and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) in VRH stands compared to the unharvested controls. Although red pine recruitment was very low during the first 2 years, both species increased significantly from year two to year six. Recruitment responses for the two species did not differ significantly between the aggregated and dispersed retention treatments. We also found high recruitment of deciduous tree species, consisting primarily of sprouts, and red pine exhibited a negative correlation with these sprouts. Treatment, time, and the interaction of treatment and time were significant factors in red pine recruitment. Time had a strong effect on the understory vegetation, with significant decreases in shrubs and ferns over time. Conclusions:The results suggest that VRH enhanced recruitment of red pine and eastern white pine and that this recruitment increased with time. We identify competition from sprouts and unfavorable seedbed conditions as the main factors that limited recruitment of red pine during the first 2 years. To reduce competing vegetation and improve seedbed conditions, we suggest following the VRH with a prescribed fire, mechanically removing sprouts, and implementing herbicide treatments. At a time when changes in global climate exacerbates the effects of traditional drivers of forest degradation, and with the need to maintain biodiversity, new ecologically based forest practices such VRH have the potential to facilitate regeneration of native trees and enhance the resilience of many fire-dependent forests.

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“…In several countries, direct interventions consisting in the girdling or felling of living trees are regularly planned within forest management plans in order to increase snags and logs, respectively (Corace et al. ). In the Mediterranean, the knowledge of deadwood dynamics is so far quite limited.…”

Section: Conclusion and Management Proposalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Criteria to identify old‐growth forests in the Mediterranean: A case study from Sicily based on literature review and some management proposals

et al. 2018

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Old growth forests are increasingly considered and studied all around the world. However, the knowledge of such important forest systems is still limited in some bioclimatic regions, such as in the Mediterranean Basin. Starting from the knowledge acquired elsewhere, our research was carried out with the aim to select the most effective criteria to identify potential old‐growth forests in Mediterranean ecosystems (Sicily, Italy). Four key proxy indicators were considered: deadwood amount, tree size, structural traits, and tree species richness. A preliminary classification of the local forest stands level in three classes of old‐growthness (high, medium and low) has also been proposed. The main threats to woods conservation, as well as their biological value were considered. Twenty‐one forest stands have been detected and characterized; among them, seven forest stands were close to old growth conditions. Although the selected forest stands are located in protected areas, browsing due to farming and feral ungulates represent a widespread threat. The information provided for each forest stand may represent a starting point for further and in‐depth investigations in similar Mediterranean forest ecosystems.

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Snag Benchmarks and Treatment Options for Mixed‐Pine Forest Restoration in Eastern Upper Michigan

Cited by 5 publications

References 25 publications

Tree Girdling for Potential Bat Roost Creation in Northwestern West Virginia

Tree Girdling for Potential Bat Roost Creation in Northwestern West Virginia

Regeneration patterns of key pine species in a mixed-pine forest indicate a positive effect of variable retention harvesting and an increase in recruitment with time

Criteria to identify old‐growth forests in the Mediterranean: A case study from Sicily based on literature review and some management proposals

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