Snake Venom Immunology: Historical and Practical Considerations

Russell, Findlay E.

doi:10.3109/15569548809059725

Cited by 46 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The first anti-venom was prepared for human use by Calmette at the beginning of the Eighteen Century [5,6]. Anti-venom caused serious reactions and was sometimes as dangerous as the venom itself [7]. In order to overcome these problems, some improvements have been made in anti-venom production [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of purification procedure for horse F(ab´)2 antivenom against <i>Androctonus crassicauda</i> (Scorpion) venom

Taherian¹,

Fazilati²,

Moghadam³

et al. 2018

Trop. J. Pharm Res

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of purification procedure for horse F(ab´)2 antivenom against <i>Androctonus crassicauda</i> (Scorpion) venom

Taherian¹,

Fazilati²,

Moghadam³

et al. 2018

Trop. J. Pharm Res

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“…8 Most antivenoms used to treat envenoming by snakes and scorpions are produced in horses and are purified using methods such as salting out (ammonium sulfate fractionation) and pepsin digestion. 9,10 These antivenoms are capable of neutralizing the toxicity and lethality of venoms and are often associated with significant clinical side effects because they contain several non-immunoglobulin protein and immunoglobulins that do not react with the venom component. 11,12 Commercial horse antivenom contains high concentrations of non-immunoglobulins that cause various side effects such as serum sickness and renal failure 13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on development ofVipera lebetinasnake antivenom in chicken egg yolk for passive immunization

Zolfagharian

Dounighi

2015

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Chicken egg yolk antibodies against Vipera lebetina venom were evaluated for their antivenom potential. White leghorn hens were immunized with detoxified V. lebetina venom (g-irradiated venom). The detoxified venom (200 mg) was mixed with an equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant and was injected intramuscularly into the hens. The antibodies showed high activity (1.6 LD 50 /mL) in egg yolks after 12 d of venom injection. The eggs were collected after 12 days, and the egg yolks were removed and washed with purified water to remove any contamination with egg whites. The purification was performed using a method described by Maya Devi et al., followed by gel filtration (Sephadex G-50). The purity and molecular weight of antivenom antibodies (IgY) were determined using electrophoresis, and the molecular weight was found to be approximately 185 kDa. The potency of IgY was 6 LD 50 /mL (mice), i.e., 1 mL of IgY could neutralize 43.8 mg of standard V. lebetina venom). Our results showed that chicken egg yolk antibodies were effective in neutralizing the lethality and several pharmacological effects of V. lebetina venom and could be used for developing effective antivenom.

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“…A specific antiserum is indicated when the snake that bitten the patient is identified (13). However, there are also commercial antisera against venoms from several species of the same genus, or from different genera, in order to increase the neutralization spectrum, thus improving its versatility (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IgG antibodies against phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus terrificus: cross-reaction with venoms from Bothrops species from Argentina

Rodríguez¹,

Marzi²,

Maruñak³

et al. 2009

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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ABSTRACT:We examined the ability of IgG anti-crotalic PLA 2 to cross-react with Bothrops spp. venoms, from snakes found in the northeast of Argentina. Immunoblotting and ELISA tests showed that IgG anti-crotalic PLA 2 recognize antigens of bothropic venoms. Indirect hemolytic activity tests showed that the quantity of antibodies that neutralized 50% of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (ED 50 : 2.1 mg IgG anti-crotalic PLA 2 /100 μg of venom) were also able to neutralize venom from other snakes in the following proportion: 34% of B. alternatus, 18% of B. diporus and 12% of B. jararacussu. Likewise, direct PLA2 activity neutralization tests showed a similar cross-neutralization pattern including 56% of B. alternatus, 29% of B. diporus and 30% of B. jararacussu. In addition, in a myotoxic activity neutralization test, measured by plasma activity of creatine kinase, 35% of B. alternatus venom and 26% of B. diporus venom were neutralized, while no neutralization was detected with B. jararacussu venom. This study presents original data concerning cross-reactions between bothropic venoms from Argentina and IgG anti-crotalic PLA 2 . Our results suggest that anti-crotalic PLA 2 antibodies should not be used to neutralize PLA 2 activity of B. alternatus, B. diporus and especially B. jararacussu venoms; nor to enrich commercial antivenoms against these Bothrops species.

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Snake Venom Immunology: Historical and Practical Considerations

Cited by 46 publications

References 53 publications

Optimization of purification procedure for horse F(ab´)2 antivenom against <i>Androctonus crassicauda</i> (Scorpion) venom

Optimization of purification procedure for horse F(ab´)2 antivenom against <i>Androctonus crassicauda</i> (Scorpion) venom

Study on development ofVipera lebetinasnake antivenom in chicken egg yolk for passive immunization

IgG antibodies against phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus terrificus: cross-reaction with venoms from Bothrops species from Argentina

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