Snakebites Treated in North Carolina Emergency Departments, October 2013–September 2015

Harmon, Katherine J.; Haskell, Marilyn Goss; Mann, Courtney H.; Waller, Anna

doi:10.1016/j.wem.2018.01.004

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Factors associated with increased snakebite prevalence include field labor, male gender, middle age, lower education status, low income, and residence in rural areas. 66,[68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77] Associated environmental factors include monsoon season and evening hours. 71,73,78,79 In the United States, increased biting rates have been reported in the locations of Texas, Florida, West Virginia, Oklahoma, and Louisiana.…”

Section: Snakes 6667mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…66,[68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77] Associated environmental factors include monsoon season and evening hours. 71,73,78,79 In the United States, increased biting rates have been reported in the locations of Texas, Florida, West Virginia, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. 76 Presenting symptoms may be useful in determining appropriate treatment interventions.…”

Section: Snakes 6667mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Practical Review of the Management of Animal Bites

Savu

Schoenbrunner

Politi

et al. 2021

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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Background: Animal bites are common worldwide. Due to the plethora of animals, there are diverse pathogens with specific associated risks and treatment algorithms. It is crucial to understand these to develop and execute appropriate management plans. This practical review was designed to amalgamate the most common bites worldwide and synthesize data to help guide treatment plans. Methods: A PubMed literature search was performed focusing on the major animal bites. High-level studies were preferred and analyzed but lower-level studies were also used if high-level studies did not exist. Results: The tables presented in this article cover the pertinent information regarding the incidence, common presentation, initial treatment, and potential complications associated with bites from dogs, cats, horses, rodents, snakes, marine life, and spiders. Many of the pathogens associated with the bites are treatable with various and somewhat common antimicrobials, though some are less easy to access. Basic irrigation, debridement, and wound culture are common to almost every animal and should be the first step in treatment. Conclusions: Based on the current studies, the most important factor in treating animal bites is timely presentation to a medical facility and/or physician. It is critical that the offending animal be accurately identified to help guide medical and surgical algorithms, including specific antimicrobial treatment guided by the most commonly presenting pathogens specific to certain animals.

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Section: Snakes 6667mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Snakes 6667mentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Review of the Management of Animal Bites

Savu

Schoenbrunner

Politi

et al. 2021

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…After a snake bite, parents may bring their children to an emergency department (ED) for evaluation. Most studies examining snakebite injuries have used poison control data or encounters from a single center or region 5–9 . Few studies have examined visits to EDs in the United States by children for snakebites.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies examining snakebite injuries have used poison control data or encounters from a single center or region. [5][6][7][8][9] Few studies have examined visits to EDs in the United States by children for snakebites. This study sought to examine characteristics of pediatric patients presenting to the ED nationally after sustaining a snakebite injury.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency Department Visits by Pediatric Patients for Snakebites

Tadros¹,

Sharon²,

Davis

et al. 2022

Pediatr Emer Care

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Objectives: Few studies have examined pediatric emergency department (ED) visits for snakebites. This study sought to examine characteristics of pediatric patients presenting to EDs nationally in the United States for snakebites. Methods:This retrospective cohort study obtained data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample for 2006 to 2014. Pediatric patients sustaining a snakebite were identified with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, E-codes E905.0 or E906.2. Data extracted included age, sex, insurance, disposition, hospital trauma designation, ED charges, and geographic region. Comparative analyses were performed for patients younger than 10 years and aged 10 to 17 years.Results: There were 24,388 ED visits from 2006 to 2014 by pediatric patients for snakebites: 10,554 were younger than 10 years, and 13,834 were aged 10 to 17 years. Males comprised 62% and 67% of the respective age cohorts. Most patients (younger than 10 years, 68%; aged 10-17 years, 63%) experienced snakebites in the South. Only 14% of those younger than 10 years and 10% of those aged 10 to 17 years were treated at a level 1 trauma center, whereas 50% and 54%, respectively, were treated at hospitals with no trauma designation. The majority of patients were discharged from the ED (younger than 10 years, 72%; aged 10-17 years, 80%). The mean ED charges for snakebite victims younger than 10 years were $5363 and for those aged 10 to 17 years were $4618. Medicaid was the primary insurer of younger patients, whereas private insurance was more common in older patients.Conclusions: Most pediatric snakebites are seen in nontrauma centers and in the South region and are more commonly male. Most patients were discharged from the ED, with a small percentage being admitted or transferred to another facility.

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“…As such, comprehensive medical literature regarding epidemiology and clinical characteristics of these patients would be valuable but remains sparse. Limitations of most published studies regarding US crotalid snake bites include being geographically limited to a single state or region, dealing with a single snake species, or being only case reports or small case series 8–11 . The National Poison Data System (NDPS) is the data repository for the 55 poison control centers (PCCs) in the United States that covers all 50 states and Washington, DC.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Characteristics of North American Crotalid Bites Reported to the National Poison Data System 2006–2020

Thornton

Darracq

2022

Southern Medical Journal

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Objectives: North American pit viper, or crotalid bites, remain a lowincidence and potentially high-consequence medical event. Although the venom of these snakes is known to cause tissue, hematologic, and neurologic toxicity, the published literature on North American crotalid bites remains limited. The National Poison Data System, the data repository for the 55 poison control centers in the United States, offers a unique opportunity to examine nationwide trends involving venomous snake bites.Methods: National Poison Data System cases involving North American crotalids from 2006 to 2020 were analyzed. Data collected included age and type of snake, date, geographic location, pertinent clinical characteristics, treatments administered, and medical outcomes including incidence of "dry" bites and death.Results: A total of 55,914 cases were identified during the 15-year study period. Cases, especially those involving copperheads, increased during the study period. Most of the cases were reported in July. Cases were reported in all 50 states and Washington, DC, with Texas having the most cases (n = 9115). North Carolina had the largest increase in bites during the study period. Moderate or major medical outcomes were documented in 58% (n = 32,584) of cases, with 25% (n = 14,195) being admitted to a critical care unit. Puncture wound, edema, and pain were the most commonly documented symptoms. Antivenom was documented as being administered in 25% (n = 14,151) of cases. Dry bites were reported in <1.5% of cases. Thirty-two deaths were reported, 23 involving rattlesnakes.Conclusions: This study demonstrates that reported North American crotalid bites appear to be increasing over time and are associated with potentially significant morbidity. Mortality, however, remains low.

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Snakebites Treated in North Carolina Emergency Departments, October 2013–September 2015

Cited by 7 publications

References 24 publications

Practical Review of the Management of Animal Bites

Practical Review of the Management of Animal Bites

Emergency Department Visits by Pediatric Patients for Snakebites

Epidemiology and Characteristics of North American Crotalid Bites Reported to the National Poison Data System 2006–2020

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