“…It is the case in some control systems using either sampled data, or switching elements, or pulse modulation, and also in some adaptive controls [Mira & Roubellat, 1969;Gumowski & Mira, 1980;Cathala, 1982a;Mira, 1990;Adomaitis & Kevrekidis, 1991;Frouzakis et al, 1992;Adomaitis et al, 1992]. Moreover, modeling in economics [Delli Gatti et al, 1993;Gardini, 1993], ecology and biology [Morris et al, 1983a[Morris et al, , 1983bMay, 1974May, , 1976Beddington et al, 1975;May & Oster, 1976;Clerc et al, 1977;Guckenheimer et al, 1977] gives rise to noninvertible maps.…”