Snow Mechanics: Review of the State of Knowledge and Applications,

Shapiro, L. H.; Johnson, Jerome Β.; Sturm, Matthew; Blaisdell, George L.

doi:10.21236/ada330695

Cited by 124 publications

(130 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, the dominant role played by density in the mechanical behavior simulated is probably also relative to the loading conditions considered. In compression, both the mechanical properties and density are expected to depend on the grain bonding system, thus promoting the existence of an apparent relation between stress and density (Shapiro et al, 1997). The model appears capable of reproducing this feature, and we expect the dependence on density to be less pronounced in the case of different loading conditions, such as shear, for which microstructure properties and anisotropy are expected to be greater.…”

Section: Influence Of Density and Microstructure On The Mechanical Bementioning

confidence: 89%

“…(Shapiro et al, 1997). Snow is a material composed of air, ice and sometimes liquid water and impurities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mellor (1975), Salm (1982) and Shapiro et al (1997) reviewed the main results of these experimental studies. Global trends of increasing strength and stiffness with density have been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, plots of mechanical properties versus density generally show a wide scatter (Mellor, 1975). Density alone therefore appears to be insufficient to fully characterize snow's mechanical behavior P. Hagenmuller et al: Microstructure-based modeling of snow mechanics (Keeler and Weeks, 1968;Voitkovsky et al, 1975;Shapiro et al, 1997), although it continues to be used as the main microstructure descriptor in the majority of existing studies. It appears necessary to better account for the microstructure in order to derive more relevant indicators of the mechanical properties of snow (Shapiro et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructure-based modeling of snow mechanics: a discrete element approach

2015

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Abstract. Rapid and large deformations of snow are mainly controlled by grain rearrangements, which occur through the failure of cohesive bonds and the creation of new contacts. We exploit a granular description of snow to develop a discrete element model based on the full 3-D microstructure captured by microtomography. The model assumes that snow is composed of rigid grains interacting through localized contacts accounting for cohesion and friction. The geometry of the grains and of the intergranular bonding system are explicitly defined from microtomographic data using geometrical criteria based on curvature and contiguity. Single grains are represented as rigid clumps of spheres. The model is applied to different snow samples subjected to confined compression tests. A detailed sensitivity analysis shows that artifacts introduced by the modeling approach and the influence of numerical parameters are limited compared to variations due to the geometry of the microstructure. The model shows that the compression behavior of snow is mainly controlled by the density of the samples, but that deviations from a pure density parameterization are not insignificant during the first phase of deformation. In particular, the model correctly predicts that, for a given density, faceted crystals are less resistant to compression than rounded grains or decomposed snow. For larger compression strains, no clear differences between snow types are observed.

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Section: Influence Of Density and Microstructure On The Mechanical Bementioning

confidence: 89%

“…(Shapiro et al, 1997). Snow is a material composed of air, ice and sometimes liquid water and impurities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructure-based modeling of snow mechanics: a discrete element approach

2015

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“…Adhesion stress of wet snow examined during wind tunnel experiments was 19+1 kPa, where this was the case for LWC of snow around 20% or greater . Shapiro et al (1997) wrote a recent review on the state of knowledge of dry snow mechanics in relation to engineering applications. Mechanical properties of snow were measured during avalanche studies in Switzerland and were gathered by Bader et al (1939).…”

Section: Adhesion Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical and experimental investigation of the influence of dynamic loads on wet snow shedding from overhead cables /

Hefny¹

2013

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Ill Dedicated to my parents, ADEL and my kidsMany people think they want things, but they don't really have the strength, the discipline. They are weak. I believe that you get what you want if you want it badly enough. Quote RESUME Plusieurs types de givrages atmosphériques peuvent se déposer sur les lignes aériennes de transport d'énergie électrique incluant la neige collante lourde et adhérente, le givre dur, le givre mou et la glace à haute densité. Des dépôts de neige sur les structures exposées peuvent avoir un impact sur le fonctionnement, la sécurité et la fiabilité mécanique. Plus spécifiquement sur les lignes aériennes de transport d'énergie électrique, les charges de gravité résultant de Paccrétion de la neige lourde combinée aux charges du vent sur la neige peuvent causer des dommages structuraux, une rupture ou même en cascade des pylônes. La chute des dépôts de neige peut appliquer une charge dynamique sur la ligne de transport par les vibrations induites sur le câble et provoquer un effet déstabilisant entre les portées adjacentes couvertes et non couvertes. Ainsi pour protéger les lignes de transport contre les charges résultantes de l'accrétion de la neige sur la ligne et pour assurer la fiabilité des réseaux de distribution électriques, les processus du délestage de la neige doivent être compris et des techniques de prévention comme des méthodes d'antigivrage et de dégivrage doivent être utilisées.Cette étude porte sur l'analyse dynamique des lignes aériennes de transport d'énergie couvertes de neige et soumises à des charges périodiques. De telles charges peuvent être le résultat de l'effet d'une charge périodique externe appliquée pour enlever la neige accumulée sur les lignes ou le résultat d'effets naturels comme le vent ou des charges en déséquilibre conséquentes d'une chute de neige soudaine ou propagé d'une portée adjacente . L'objectif est de comprendre le phénomène du délestage de neige induite mécaniquement sur les portées des câbles aériens et de simuler les effets des charges périodiques sur la chute de la neige collante. Lors d'études précédentes, les réponses de la ligne de transmission aux chutes instantanées ont été modélisées alors que dans cette étude, on étudie la propagation de le délestage de la neige le long de la portée en réponse à une charge périodique. Plus particulièrement, la réponse dynamique des câbles couverts de neige aux charges périodiques est examinée par modélisation mathématique en utilisant une analyse d'éléments finis non linéaires et des études expérimentales en chambre froide.Le modèle numérique peut servir de base à l'étude de critères différents de rupture de la neige collante en ce qui concerne l'adhésion. Pour atteindre cet objectif, on a d'abord étudié expérimentalement l'adhésion en tension et en cisaillement à la surface des câbles. Ceci est essentiel pour mettre en corrélation la chute et la force d'adhésion entre la neige et le câble, puisque le délestage survient lorsque l'adhésion disparaît. Les mesures ont été obtenues en utilisant une machine...

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Linking snow microstructure to its macroscopic elastic stiffness tensor: A numerical homogenization method and its application to 3‐D images from X‐ray tomography

Wautier

Geindreau

Flin

2015

Geophysical Research Letters

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The full 3‐D macroscopic mechanical behavior of snow is investigated by solving kinematically uniform boundary condition problems derived from homogenization theories over 3‐D images obtained by X‐ray tomography. Snow is modeled as a porous cohesive material, and its mechanical stiffness tensor is computed within the framework of the elastic behavior of ice. The size of the optimal representative elementary volume, expressed in terms of correlation lengths, is determined through a convergence analysis of the computed effective properties. A wide range of snow densities is explored, and power laws with high regression coefficients are proposed to link the Young's and shear moduli of snow to its density. The degree of anisotropy of these properties is quantified, and Poisson's ratios are also provided. Finally, the influence of the main types of metamorphism (isothermal, temperature gradient, and wet snow metamorphism) on the elastic properties of snow and on their anisotropy is reported.

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Snow Mechanics: Review of the State of Knowledge and Applications,

Cited by 124 publications

References 0 publications

Microstructure-based modeling of snow mechanics: a discrete element approach

Microstructure-based modeling of snow mechanics: a discrete element approach

Numerical and experimental investigation of the influence of dynamic loads on wet snow shedding from overhead cables /

Linking snow microstructure to its macroscopic elastic stiffness tensor: A numerical homogenization method and its application to 3‐D images from X‐ray tomography

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