Snow-Mold-Induced Apoplastic Proteins in Winter Rye Leaves Lack Antifreeze Activity

Hiilovaara-Teijo, Mervi; Hannukkala, Asko; Griffith, Marilyn; Yu, Xiaoming; Pihakaski-Maunsbach, Kaarina

doi:10.1104/pp.121.2.665

Cited by 77 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The positive effect of cold-hardening on resistance to M. nivale infection was mainly detectable in 'Hewo', described by Golebiowska and Wedzony (2009);Golebiowska et al (2010) as partly resistant to pink snow mould. Our data are in agreement with findings of other authors, and they show cold-hardening as the trigger of cereal resistance to snow mould due to an enhanced expression of defense mechanisms in these plants (in Tronsmo et al 1993;Hiilovaara-Teijo et al 1999;Gaudet et al 2000;Browne et al 2006;Golebiowska and Wedzony 2009). The results of cytological analyses lend support to the above-mentioned findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Microdochium nivale (Fr., Samuels & Hallett): cytological analysis of the infection process in triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.)

et al. 2010

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According to regular reports, one of the most serious diseases of winter cereal and grass varieties in moderate and cold climatic areas is pink snow mould caused by Microdochium nivale. Currently, the resistance of the economically important cereal species as triticale is not satisfactory. Moreover, there is no efficient strategy of protection against this pathogen and the understanding of plant resistance mechanisms is rather poor. Presented paper for the first time shows the cytological analysis of M. nivale infection in model triticale varieties by the use of fluorescent and light microscopy in combination with fluorescent dyes and hydrogen peroxide staining. Both, the infection level and the dynamic of the process varied for tested genotypes confirming the field and laboratory data of their different resistance to this pathogen. Moreover, our analysis showed that in both cultivars cold-hardening of seedlings delayed the mycelium growth. In both cultivars, hyphal walls and fungal penetration sites were visualized in crowns, leaf sheaths and leaves of hardened and nonhardened inoculated seedlings. For the first time the presence of the haustoria produced by M. nivale was confirmed in those tissues. Single infection hyphae usually penetrated into the host tissues via stomatal apparatuses were accompanied by the efflux of hydrogen peroxide. The data show a great potential of fluorescence techniques in studying the host plant-pathogen interactions providing a better insight into plant defence reactions that may allow elaboration of the efficient breeding strategies aimed at increasing resistance to this pathogenic fungus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Microdochium nivale (Fr., Samuels & Hallett): cytological analysis of the infection process in triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.)

et al. 2010

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“…But it was not induced by ABA (50-75 mM) treatment nor by chitin or long-term incubation (14 d) at 25°C (data not shown). Antifreeze activity detected in the apoplasts of winter rye plants has been known to be induced by cold treatment, drought , and ethylene but not by ABA, SA, or snow molds (Hiilovaara-Teijo et al, 1999;. Although plant species (rye versus bromegrass) and systems used (leaves versus suspension culture) were different, our observations on the regulation of antifreeze activity are consistent to Griffith and Yaish (2004).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Characterization of Cold-Responsive Extracellular Chitinase in Bromegrass Cell Cultures and Its Relationship to Antifreeze Activity

et al. 2008

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A cold-responsive chitinase gene, BiCHT1, was isolated from bromegrass (Bromus inermis) 'Manchar' suspension cells. BiCHT1 messenger RNA was detected at low levels in nonstressed bromegrass cells, whereas its accumulation was induced by incubation at 10°C and 4°C as detected by northern-and western-blot analyses. BiCHT1 was highly homologous to rye CHT9, known to encode an antifreeze protein. BiCHT1 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and bromegrass cells using genetic transformation procedures. BiCHT1 products expressed in both systems had chitinase activity, but the expressed proteins did not affect the growth of ice crystals in any conditions tested. Besides cold stress, the expression of the BiCHT1 gene was upregulated by exposure to 35°C, but not by salt or osmotic stress, abscisic acid, or ethephon. BiCHT1 messenger RNA did not accumulate in response to methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid, but was slightly increased by prolonged culture at 25°C and only transiently by chitin. Antifreeze activity detected in the culture medium was induced at 4°C but only slightly at 10°C. It was also induced by ethephon treatment, but not by abscisic acid, chitin, or prolonged incubation at 25°C. The results of transgenics and expression analyses suggest that the BiCHT1 product is a major protein with chitinase activity secreted in the medium of cold-treated cells and is unlikely to be responsible for the antifreeze activity detected in the culture medium.

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“…Therefore, the observed higher pink snow mould infestation may be a result of insufficient hardening. The resistance of seedlings to snow mould is connected with the carbohydrate metabolism (Chen 1994, Hömmö 1994, Gaudet et al 1999, Yoshida et al 1998) and pathogenesisrelated antifreeze proteins (Ergon et al 1998, Hiilovaara-Teijo et al 1999, Yu et al 2001) during the hardening period and winter. Carbohydrate reserves are important for overwintering of rye in cold climates, and are the main carbon source for the initial spring growth (Hurry et al 1995).…”

Section: Winter Hardeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of sowing time on pink snow mould, leaf rust and winter damage in winter rye varieties in Finland

Serenius¹,

Huusela-Veistola²,

Avikainen³

2008

AFSci

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Disease infection in relation to sowing time of winter rye (Secale cereale) was studied in southern Finland in order to compare overwintering capacity of modern rye varieties and to give recommendations for rye cultivation. This was done by using three sowing times and four rye varieties in field trials conducted at three locations in 1999-2001. The early sown rye (beginning of August) was severely affected by diseases caused by Puccinia recondita and Microdochium nivale, whereas postponing sowing for two weeks after the recommended sowing time resulted in considerably less infection. The infection levels of diseases differed among rye varieties. Finnish rye varieties Anna and Bor 7068 were more resistant to snow mould and more winter hardy than the Polish variety Amilo, or the German hybrid varieties Picasso and Esprit. However, Amilo was the most resistant to leaf rust. In the first year snow mould appeared to be the primary cause of winter damage, but in the second year the winter damage was positively correlated with leaf rust. No significant correlation between frit fly infestation and winter damage or disease incidence of snow mould or leaf rust was established. The late sowing of rye (in the beginning of September) is recommended in Finland, particularly with hybrid varieties, to minimize the need for chemical plant protection in autumn.

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Snow-Mold-Induced Apoplastic Proteins in Winter Rye Leaves Lack Antifreeze Activity

Cited by 77 publications

References 41 publications

Microdochium nivale (Fr., Samuels & Hallett): cytological analysis of the infection process in triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.)

Microdochium nivale (Fr., Samuels & Hallett): cytological analysis of the infection process in triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.)

Characterization of Cold-Responsive Extracellular Chitinase in Bromegrass Cell Cultures and Its Relationship to Antifreeze Activity

Effects of sowing time on pink snow mould, leaf rust and winter damage in winter rye varieties in Finland

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