Snowpack Distribution Using Topographical, Climatological and Winter Season Index Inputs

Abstract

A majority of the annual precipitation in many mountains falls as snow, and obtaining accurate estimates of the amount of water stored within the snowpack is important for water supply forecasting. Mountain topography can produce complex patterns of snow distribution, accumulation, and ablation, yet the interaction of topography and meteorological patterns tends to generate similar inter-annual snow depth distribution patterns. Here, we question whether snow depth patterns at or near peak accumulation are repeatable for a 10-year time frame and whether years with limited snow depth measurement can still be used to accurately represent snow depth and mean snow depth. We used snow depth measurements from the West Glacier Lake watershed, Wyoming, U.S.A., to investigate the distribution of snow depth. West Glacier Lake is a small (0.61 km2) windswept (mean of 8 m/s) watershed that ranges between 3277 m and 3493 m. Three interpolation methods were compared: (1) a binary regression tree, (2) multiple linear regression, and (3) generalized additive models. Generalized additive models using topographic parameters with measured snow depth presented the best estimates of the snow depth distribution and the basin mean amounts. The snow depth patterns near peak accumulation were found to be consistent inter-annually with an average annual correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.83, and scalable based on a winter season accumulation index (r2 = 0.75) based on the correlation between mean snow depth measurements to Brooklyn Lake snow telemetry (SNOTEL) snow depth data.

Drivers of Dust-Enhanced Snowpack Melt-Out and Streamflow Timing

“…The cross-correlation between the variables was computed to evaluate any redundancy among variables. A multi-variate linear regression was used due to the limited number of study years (e.g., Fassnacht et al [58]) compared to other methods where more data are available [59]. Variables were standardized by dividing each annual value by the largest observed quantity in the 13-year time series.…”

An Index for Snowmelt-Induced Landslide Prediction for Zavoj Lake, Serbia

“…ISTSI effectively quantifies the comfort level of ice-snow tourism. Hultstrand et al (2022) [20] estimated snow depths based on a winter season index for the West Glacier Lake watershed in Wyoming, US. The authors incorporated topographical, climatological, and winter season index inputs to gain insights into the quantity and distribution of snow, particularly for streamflow forecasting in mountainous regions.…”