SnP₃/Carbon Nanocomposite as an Anode Material for Potassium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

New anode materials with large capacity and long cyclability for next-generation potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are required. PIBs are in the initial stage of investigation and only a few anode materials have been explored. In this study, for the first time, an SnP 3 /C nanocomposite with superior cyclability and rate performance was evaluated as an anode for PIBs. The SnP 3 /C nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile and cost-effective high-energy ball-milling technique. The SnP 3 /C electrode delivered a first reversible capacity of 410 mAh g −1 and maintained 408 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles at a specific current of 50 mA g −1 . After 80 cycles at a high specific current of 500 mA g −1 , a high capacity of 225 mAh g −1 remained. From a crystallographic analysis, it was suggested that the SnP 3 /C nanocomposite underwent a sequential and reversible conversion and alloying reactions. The excellent cycling stability and rate capability of the SnP 3 /C electrode were attributed to the nanosized SnP 3 particles and carbon buffer layer, which supplied channels for the migration of K-ions and mitigated the stress induced by a large volume change during potassiation/depotassiation. In addition, a full cell composed of the SnP 3 /C nanocomposite anode and potassium Prussian blue cathode exhibited a reversible capacity of 305 mAh g −1 at a specific current of 30 mA g −1 and retained 71.7% of the original capacity after 30 cycles. These results are important for understanding the electrochemical process of the SnP 3 /C nanocomposite and using the SnP 3 /C as an anode for PIBs.

Willow‐Leaf‐Like ZnSe@N‐Doped Carbon Nanoarchitecture as a Stable and High‐Performance Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion and Potassium‐Ion Batteries

“…However, the radii of Na + (1.02 Å) and K + (1.37 Å) are larger than that of Li + (0.76 Å), which can easily cause serious structure damage and sluggish kinetics of electrode material during the repeated Na + /K + intercalation/extraction processes. [ 11–13 ] The common anode materials (graphite, metal oxides) for LIBs suffer from low capacity for SIBs and PIBs. [ 14,15 ] Thus, it is desirable to fabricate the suitable electrode materials to alleviate the huge volume expansion during the charge/discharge processes.…”

ZIF‐8@ZIF‐67‐Derived Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon Confined CoP Polyhedron Targeting Superior Potassium‐Ion Storage

“…[6][7][8] Amongst a wide suite of employed anode materials for KIBs, including carbonaceous materials, [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] metal oxides, [16][17][18] transitional metal dichalcogenides, [19][20][21][22][23][24] and metal phosphides, phosphide-based species have garnered a growing research interest because of their high theoretical capacity, cost-effectiveness, and favorable ion/electron conductivity. [25][26][27][28][29] However, these materials, in particular transition metal phosphides (TMPs), normally experience severe agglomeration and large volume expansion during potassiation process, giving rise to fast capacity decay upon long-life cycling. In response, various solutions have been attempted to mitigate these problematic issues, wherein the hybridization of TMPs with porous and heteroatom-doped carbon nanostructures is widely practiced.…”

“…Amongst a wide suite of employed anode materials for KIBs, including carbonaceous materials, metal oxides, transitional metal dichalcogenides, and metal phosphides, phosphide‐based species have garnered a growing research interest because of their high theoretical capacity, cost‐effectiveness, and favorable ion/electron conductivity . However, these materials, in particular transition metal phosphides (TMPs), normally experience severe agglomeration and large volume expansion during potassiation process, giving rise to fast capacity decay upon long‐life cycling.…”

Biowaste Orange Peel‐Derived Mesoporous Carbon as a Cost‐Effective Anode Material with Ultra‐Stable Cyclability for Potassium‐Ion Batteries

“…[18] The large volume changes during potassiation and depotassiation are the main disadvantage of the alloy-and conversion-based materials. [19][20][21][22] In contrary, carbonaceous materials are among the best potential anodes owing to their good conductivity and high thermal stability. Carbonaceous materials such as hard carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and graphite have been investigated as anode materials for PIBs.…”

“…In research based on the mechanism of K‐ion storage, three potential anode materials are under active consideration; carbonaceous, alloy‐based, and conversion‐based materials . The large volume changes during potassiation and depotassiation are the main disadvantage of the alloy‐ and conversion‐based materials . In contrary, carbonaceous materials are among the best potential anodes owing to their good conductivity and high thermal stability.…”