SO 2 emissions at Semeru volcano, Indonesia: Characterization and quantification of persistent and periodic explosive activity

Smekens, J. F.; Clarke, A. B.; Burton, Mike; Harijoko, Agung; Wibowo, Haryo Edi

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.01.006

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In terms of SO 2 emission, Bromo is intermediate between the two largest Indonesian volcanoes yet measured, Merapi (timeaverage flux of 120 ± 30 t d − 1 over three decades, range from 50 to Allard, 1986;Allard et al, 1995Allard et al, , 2011Surono et al, 2012) and Anak Krakatau (190 ± 65 t d − 1 ; Bani et al, 2015). Recently, Smekens et al (2015) reported a first SO 2 flux measurement at Semeru volcano (Fig. 1d), just south of Bromo, with an estimated average daily emission of 22-71 t d −1…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First determination of magma-derived gas emissions from Bromo volcano, eastern Java (Indonesia)

Aiuppa

Bani

Moussallam

et al. 2015

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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The composition and fluxes of volcanic gases released by persistent open-vent degassing at Bromo Volcano, east Java (Indonesia), were characterised in September 2014 from both in-situ Multi-GAS analysis and remote spectroscopic (dual UV camera) measurements of volcanic plume emissions. Our results demonstrate that Bromo volcanic gas is water-rich (H 2 O/SO 2 ratios of 56-160) and has CO 2 /SO 2 (4.1 ± 0.7) and CO 2 /S tot (3.2 ± 0.7) ratios within the compositional range of other high-temperature magma-derived gases in Indonesia. H 2 /H 2 O and H 2 S/SO 2 ratios constrain a magmatic gas source with minimal temperature of~700°C and oxygen fugacity of 10 , which is ten times higher than reported from few previous studies. Our results indicate that Bromo ranks amongst the strongest sources of quiescent volcanic SO 2 emission measured to date in Indonesia, being comparable to Merapi volcano in central Java. By combining our results for the gas composition with the SO 2 plume flux, we assess for the first time the fluxes of H 2 O (4725 ± 2292 t d ) and H 2 (1.1 ± 0.8) from Bromo. Our study thus contributes a new piece of information to the still limited data base for volcanic gas emissions in Indonesia, and confirms that much remain to be done to fully assess the contribution of this very active arc region to global volcanic gas fluxes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First determination of magma-derived gas emissions from Bromo volcano, eastern Java (Indonesia)

Aiuppa

Bani

Moussallam

et al. 2015

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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“…Whilst the UV imaging of ash rich plumes has been acheived, yielding interesting insights into ash phase plume dynamics [48], the reduction in optical thickness caused by ash in these cases rules out the retrieval of SO 2 emissions. Interestingly, these explosive UV camera studies typically point toward the non-explosive release of gas as being the dominant means by which these volcanoes release volatiles to the atmosphere [21,[49][50][51][52][53][54], especially for basaltic open conduit cases, such as Etna and Stromboli in Italy, where gas bubbles are free to move through the melt. Indeed, in the Stromboli case, degassing was partitioned as 77% passive gas release (e.g., from spherical bubbles), 16% from puffing, e.g., from cap bubbles, and with only 7% from explosions, e.g., from gas slugs (Taylor bubbles) [49].…”

Section: Improving the Spatio-temporal Resolution Of Volcanic Degassingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these reports, the subdivision of fluxing between the degassing classes appears to be most strongly tipped towards explosive release (although it is still often dominated by passive degassing) in the scenarios where eruptions are more vulcanian in nature [21,[52][53][54], e.g., the Santiaguito (Guatemala), Asama (Japan), Semeru (Indonesia), and Fuego volcanoes. In particular, Smekens et al [52] suggest, in respect of the Semeru observations, that accumulation and pressurisation beneath a viscous plug are in operation before breach and explosive release.…”

Section: Improving the Spatio-temporal Resolution Of Volcanic Degassingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, Smekens et al [52] suggest, in respect of the Semeru observations, that accumulation and pressurisation beneath a viscous plug are in operation before breach and explosive release. This assertion is intuitive and follows on from that put forth following pioneering observations on the Karymsky volcano (Russia) by Fischer et al [47], where a predominantly explosive gas release was reported based on correlation spectrometer observations made long before the advent of UV imaging.…”

Section: Improving the Spatio-temporal Resolution Of Volcanic Degassingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultraviolet Imaging of Volcanic Plumes: A New Paradigm in Volcanology

et al. 2017

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Ultraviolet imaging has been applied in volcanology over the last ten years or so. This provides considerably higher temporal and spatial resolution volcanic gas emission rate data than available previously, enabling the volcanology community to investigate a range of far faster plume degassing processes than achievable hitherto. To date, this has covered rapid oscillations in passive degassing through conduits and lava lakes, as well as puffing and explosions, facilitating exciting connections to be made for the first time between previously rather separate sub-disciplines of volcanology. Firstly, there has been corroboration between geophysical and degassing datasets at ≈1 Hz, expediting more holistic investigations of volcanic source-process behaviour. Secondly, there has been the combination of surface observations of gas release with fluid dynamic models (numerical, mathematical, and laboratory) for gas flow in conduits, in attempts to link subterranean driving flow processes to surface activity types. There has also been considerable research and development concerning the technique itself, covering error analysis and most recently the adaptation of smartphone sensors for this application, to deliver gas fluxes at a significantly lower instrumental price point than possible previously. At this decadal juncture in the application of UV imaging in volcanology, this article provides an overview of what has been achieved to date as well as a forward look to possible future research directions.

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“…This goes beyond the capacity provided previously from scanning or traverse-based differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements of volcanic gas fluxes [3,4], firstly by imaging the plumes and therefore providing detailed spatial information, and secondly by acquiring gas fluxes with at least two orders of magnitude higher temporal resolution than most DOAS techniques. In the former case, this is useful in understanding the behaviour of systems with multiple fumaroles or craters [5,6]; in the latter sense, this has enabled capture of a series of rapid explosive and passive volcanic degassing phenomena for the first time [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-Cost Smartphone Sensor-Based UV Camera for Volcanic SO2 Emission Measurements

et al. 2017

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Recently, we reported on the development of low-cost ultraviolet (UV) cameras, based on the modification of sensors designed for the smartphone market. These units are built around modified Raspberry Pi cameras (PiCams; ≈USD 25), and usable system sensitivity was demonstrated in the UVA and UVB spectral regions, of relevance to a number of application areas. Here, we report on the first deployment of PiCam devices in one such field: UV remote sensing of sulphur dioxide emissions from volcanoes; such data provide important insights into magmatic processes and are applied in hazard assessments. In particular, we report on field trials on Mt. Etna, where the utility of these devices in quantifying volcanic sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions was validated. We furthermore performed side-by-side trials of these units against scientific grade cameras, which are currently used in this application, finding that the two systems gave virtually identical flux time series outputs, and that signal-to-noise characteristics of the PiCam units appeared to be more than adequate for volcanological applications. Given the low cost of these sensors, allowing two-filter SO 2 camera systems to be assembled for ≈USD 500, they could be suitable for widespread dissemination in volcanic SO 2 monitoring internationally.

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SO 2 emissions at Semeru volcano, Indonesia: Characterization and quantification of persistent and periodic explosive activity

Cited by 25 publications

References 17 publications

First determination of magma-derived gas emissions from Bromo volcano, eastern Java (Indonesia)

First determination of magma-derived gas emissions from Bromo volcano, eastern Java (Indonesia)

Ultraviolet Imaging of Volcanic Plumes: A New Paradigm in Volcanology

A Low-Cost Smartphone Sensor-Based UV Camera for Volcanic SO2 Emission Measurements

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