Soanian Tools in Northwestern Sub-Himalayas are not that Old

Abstract

and in the intermontane dun valleys. 14-16 Most of the workers in India 14,16,17 relied heavily on de Terra and Paterson's work, 1 ultimately resulting in oversimplified and confusing cultural interpretations. 18 A general view was presented that the Early-Soan consisted of heavy duty tools with the dominance of choppers and in the Late-Soan, the occurrence of flakes/flaketools increased and the tools became smaller in size. 1,19,20 The Late-Soan of the Soan valley of north Pakistan is also considered to be belonging to South Asian Middle palaeolithic tradition in typological terms. 21,22 The typochronological distinction between Early and Late-Soan is still not clear because both the tool-types mixed with each other have only been reported in un-datable surface contexts. Doubts about de Terra and Paterson's observations first surfaced only through the works of Gill & Sankalia. 23,24 The stratigraphical context of the Soanian industries as first specified by de Terra & Paterson 1 was severely questioned by later field studies Rendell et al. 10 The Soan River 'terraces' as observed by de Terra and Paterson were proven to be erosional features rather than true river terraces Rendell et al. 10 As a result, Soanian technological evolution de Terra & Paterson 1 is no longer considered to be valid. 10,25,26 There is no evidence of discrete 'Early' or 'Late' Soan entities since the Soanian tools including both large and small types and with varying flake contents have also been found recently even from very young sites. 27-32

Facile Synthesis and Enhancement of Thermoelectric Performance with Voltage Generation of Bulk Polycrystalline SnSe by Zn Doping

“…This could be due to the presence and dominance of n-type tin oxide at lower measured temperatures (<600 K). The formation of SnSe with the increased measured temperature overcomes the dominance of n-type tin oxide and transforms the Seebeck coefficient toward p-type, 53,54 whereas the Seebeck coefficient of Zn-doped SnSe first increased up to 600 K and then decreased, which could be because of the bipolar effect resulting from a reduced band gap of Zn-doped SnSe at higher temperatures. 51,52 The undoped SnSe pellet sintered at 800 °C showed the highest thermopower of 540 μV/K around 450 K, while the doped SnSe pellet with Zn (0.02) exhibited the highest thermopower of 530 μV/ K at approximately 600 K. 3.6.3.…”