Social and environmental factors influencing natal dispersal in blue monkeys, Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni

Ekernas, L. Stefan; Cords, Marina

doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.11.007

Cited by 44 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In accordance with the results of other studies [Ekernas & Cords, 2007], food availability may have influenced the timing of male dispersal in R. roxellana. Most emigrations/immigrations occurred during the months when preferred foods (leaves, flowers, and fruits) were most available.…”

Section: Proximate Factors Influencing Male Dispersalsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Forced evictions of young males by leader males may have reflected feeding competition. Indeed, young males dispersed from their natal groups voluntarily in unprovisioned blue monkeys and hanuman langurs, two species with one-male structure [Ekernas & Cords, 2007;Mathur & Manohar, 1991]. In addition, more readily available food source in the provisioned group may have reduced the emigration rate, but increased the immigration rate.…”

Section: Possible Effects Of Food Provisioningmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In patas monkeys, for example, most male dispersed when other groups were nearby, reducing time spent alone [Rogers & Chism, 2009]. Male blue monkeys were more likely to disperse at the time of year when fruits were most available [Ekernas & Cords, 2007].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Males usually disperse from their natal groups at or near sexual maturity (natal dispersal) [Dobson, 1982;Ekernas & Cords, 2007;Kuester & Paul, 1999;Mathur & Manohar, 1991;Rogers & Chism, 2009], and again later in life between breeding sites (breeding dispersal) [Clarke et al, 2008;Kuester & Paul, 1999].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Male dispersal in a provisioned multilevel group ofRhinopithecus roxellanain Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China

Yao

Liu

Stanford

et al. 2011

American J Primatol

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Most Old World monkeys show male-biased dispersal. We present the first systematic data on male dispersal in a provisioned multilevel group of Rhinopithecus roxellana, based on 4.5 years of field observations in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China. We evaluated both ultimate (inbreeding avoidance and male mating competition) and proximate (food availability and predation risk) factors influencing male dispersal. The focal group contained 34-53 individuals, in 3-4 one-male units (OMUs) and 1 all-male unit (AMU). We observed 37 dispersal events involving 10 of 11 adults, 7 of 8 subadults, and 7 of 15 juveniles. Most interunit transfers within the focal group occurred around the months of mating season. Adult males competed for the leader positions of OMUs mainly through aggressive takeovers, and young males transferred from the OMUs to the AMU at the median age of 41 months, forced out by leader males. No young males older than 4 years remained in natal or non-natal OMUs. The male mating competition hypothesis was supported. The young males emigrated voluntarily from the focal group at the average age of 58.6 months, and no young emigrating male was observed to return, suggesting inbreeding avoidance also played a role in the dispersal of young males. Most emigration/immigration events were parallel dispersal and occurred during intergroup encounters, suggesting increased predation risk during the dispersal period. Males were more likely to emigrate/immigrate during the months when preferred foods were most available. We compared the dispersal patterns in R. roxellana with those in gelada baboons and hamadryas baboons, both living in multilevel societies. Similar to R. roxellana, young male geladas disperse at puberty, but they may return and breed in their natal groups. Males in hamadryas also disperse, but much less commonly than in R. roxellana. Provisioning may have influenced results, and confirming studies on unprovisioned groups would be valuable.

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Section: Proximate Factors Influencing Male Dispersalsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Possible Effects Of Food Provisioningmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Male dispersal in a provisioned multilevel group ofRhinopithecus roxellanain Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China

Yao

Liu

Stanford

et al. 2011

American J Primatol

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“…Individuals might thus reduce future competition by diminishing the viability of young females (Dittus 1979;Silk and Boyd 1983), so that females might tend to receive more aggression than males by other troop members, e.g., Japanese macaques , toque macaques (Macaca sinica: Dittus 1977Dittus , 1979, and bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata: Silk et al 1981). Although some studies have failed to document sex differences in aggressive behavior, e.g., green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus: Raleigh et al 1979), blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni: Cords et al 2010;Ekernas and Cords 2007), and Japanese macaques ), other studies found sex differences in aggression, with males being involved in more aggression than females (baboons, Papio species : Owens 1975;Young et al 1982;talapoin monkeys, Myopithecus talapoin: Wolfheim 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sex Differences in the Development of Aggressive Behavior in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

et al. 2015

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Aggressive behavior plays a central role in primate life, having a crucial effect on their reproductive performance and survival and possibly affecting the formation and maintenance of social bonds. Although aggressive behavior might serve a different function in males and females, and sex differences in aggressive behavior seem to emerge early during development, very few studies have investigated whether aggressive patterns follow different developmental trajectories in male and female primates. However, the developmental perspective is crucial to understanding when differences in adults' aggression emerge and which factors trigger them. We here analyzed aggressive interactions in rhesus macaques from birth to sexual maturation (before male dispersal), including male and female focal subjects. We further considered the partner's sex, age, and rank, as well as maternal and paternal kinship, and used powerful multivariate statistical analysis. The probability to initiate aggression was largely similar for both sexes and throughout development. Both males and females were more aggressive toward partners of the same sex and similar age. In contrast, the probability of receiving aggression mostly differed between sexes across development and depended on the social context. The probability of receiving aggression increased through development. Finally, important developmental changes appeared between 2 and 3 yr of age, indicating that this period is crucial for the development of adult social roles. Our results suggest that aggressive behavior largely serves a similar function for Int J Primatol

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Sex and age differences in juvenile social priorities in female philopatric, nondespotic blue monkeys

Cords

Sheehan

Ekernas

2009

American J Primatol

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Juveniles should choose social partners on the basis of both current and future utility. Where one sex is philopatric, one expects members of that sex to develop greater and sex-typical social integration with group-mates over the juvenile period. Where a partner's position in a dominance hierarchy is not associated with services it can provide, one would not expect juveniles to choose partners based on rank, nor sex differences in rank-based preferences. We tested these ideas on 39 wild juvenile (3.2-7.4 years) blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni), cercopithecines with strict female philopatry and muted hierarchies. We made focal animal observations over 6 months, and computed observed:expected amounts of proximity time, approaches and grooming given to various social partners. Overall, our results agree with the hypothesis that juvenile blue monkeys target social partners strategically. Spatial proximity, approaches and active grooming showed similar patterns regarding juvenile social preferences. Females were far more sociable than males, groomed more partners, reciprocated grooming more frequently, and preferred-while males avoided-infants as partners. Older juveniles (5-7 years) spent more time than younger juveniles (3-4 years) near others, and older females were especially attracted to infants. Close kin, especially mothers and less consistently adult sisters, were attractive to both male and female juveniles, regardless of age. Both sexes also preferred same-sex juveniles as social partners while avoiding opposite-sex peers. Juveniles of both sexes and ages generally neither preferred nor avoided nonmaternal adult females, but all juveniles avoided adult males. Partner's rank had no consistent effect on juveniles' preference, as expected for a species in which dominance plays a weak role. Juveniles' social preferences likely reflect both future and current benefits, including having tolerant adult kin to protect them against predators and conspecifics, same-sex play partners, and, for females, infants on which to practice mothering skills. Am. J. Primatol. 72:193-205, 2010. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Social and environmental factors influencing natal dispersal in blue monkeys, Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni

Cited by 44 publications

References 55 publications

Male dispersal in a provisioned multilevel group ofRhinopithecus roxellanain Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China

Male dispersal in a provisioned multilevel group ofRhinopithecus roxellanain Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China

Sex Differences in the Development of Aggressive Behavior in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Sex and age differences in juvenile social priorities in female philopatric, nondespotic blue monkeys

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