Social and non-social anxiety in adolescent and adult rats after repeated restraint

Doremus-Fitzwater, Tamara L.; Varlinskaya, Elena I.; Spear, Linda P.

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.03.025

Cited by 177 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Specifically, we find that corticosterone responses in preadolescent male rats take significantly longer to return to baseline compared to adults. These hormonal data are in agreement with previously published studies [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26] and support the assertion that prepubertal animals may demonstrate less negative feedback on the HPA axis than adults [18]. However, our immunohistochemistry and Western blot results indicate that pre-, mid- and postadolescent animals have similar levels of GR in negative feedback-related brain regions and in the pituitary gland.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…For instance, following an acute physical or psychological stressor, preadolescent rats exhibit an ACTH and corticosterone (free and total) response that is twice as long (e.g. 45-60 min) as that exhibited by adults [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. Despite these numerous observations, it remains unclear what central and/or peripheral factors mediate this prolonged HPA response prior to adolescent development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shifts in Hormonal Stress Reactivity during Adolescence Are Not Associated with Changes in Glucocorticoid Receptor Levels in the Brain and Pituitary of Male Rats

Dziedzic¹,

Ho²,

Adabi³

et al. 2014

Dev Neurosci

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Preadolescent animals display protracted hormonal stress responses mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis compared to adults. Though the mechanisms that underlie this shift in stress reactivity are unknown, reduced glucocorticoid-dependent negative feedback on the HPA axis has been posited to contribute to this differential responsiveness. As the glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are integral to this feedback response, we hypothesize that prior to puberty there will be fewer GRs in the neural-pituitary network that mediate negative feedback. To test this hypothesis we measured GR protein levels in the brains of preadolescent (28 days old), midadolescent (40 days old) and adult (77 days old) male rats via immunohistochemistry. Additionally, we assessed stress-induced plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone in prepubertal (30 days old) and adult (70 days old) male rats and examined GR protein levels via Western blot in the brain and pituitary. We found that despite substantial adolescent-related changes in hormonal responsiveness, no significant differences were found between these ages in GR protein levels in regions that are important in negative feedback, including the medial prefrontal cortex, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, hippocampal formation, and pituitary. These data indicate that the extended hormonal stress response exhibited by preadolescent animals is independent of significant pubertal changes in GR protein levels.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shifts in Hormonal Stress Reactivity during Adolescence Are Not Associated with Changes in Glucocorticoid Receptor Levels in the Brain and Pituitary of Male Rats

Dziedzic¹,

Ho²,

Adabi³

et al. 2014

Dev Neurosci

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“…This is in partial contrast to the data from male rats that show that the corticosterone response to stress does not as readily habituate in adolescence as it does in response to stress in adulthood (Romeo et al, 2006a). On the other hand, adolescent and adult female rats have been previously shown to habituate to chronic stress (Doremus-Fitzwater et al, 2009), which was partially consistent with our observations. It is important to note that in our study we only looked at one time point, 60 min after the onset of stress, and it is possible that had we used other time points we may have seen different habituation profiles (see below).…”

Section: Exposure To Chronic Stress During Adolescence Induces Differsupporting

confidence: 80%

Chronic restraint stress in adolescence differentially influences hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis function and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in male and female rats

et al. 2011

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Previous studies have shown a relationship between adversity in adolescence and health outcomes in adulthood in a sex-specific manner. Adolescence is characterized by major changes in stress-responsive regions of the brain, including the hippocampus, the site of ongoing neurogenesis throughout the lifespan. Prepubertal male and female rats exhibit different acute reactions to chronic stress compared to adults, but less is known about whether these stress-induced changes persist into adulthood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of chronic, intermittent stress during adolescence on basal corticosterone levels, dentate gyrus (DG) volume, and neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Adolescent male and female rats were either restrained for 1 h every other day for 3 weeks from postnatal days (PDs) 30-52 at unpredictable times or left undisturbed. All rats received a single injection of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU; 200 mg/kg) in adulthood on PD70 and were perfused 3 weeks later. Brains were processed for Ki67 (endogenous marker of cell proliferation) and BrdU (to estimate effects on cell survival). In addition, blood samples were taken during the restraint stress period and in adulthood. Results show that males and females exhibit different corticosterone responses to chronic stress during adolescence and that only adult female rats exposed to stress during adolescence show higher basal corticosterone levels compared to nonstressed controls. Furthermore, stressed females showed a reduced number of proliferating and surviving cells in the DG in adulthood compared to nonstressed same-sex controls. The majority of BrdU-labeled cells were co-labeled with NeuN, an endogenous marker of mature neurons, indicating that neurogenesis was decreased in the DG of adult female rats that had undergone chronic restraint stress in adolescence. Although male rats were more responsive to the chronic stress as adolescents showing higher corticosterone levels and reduced body weight, as adults they showed a slight increase in cell survival and no effect of adolescent stress on basal corticosterone levels. These results suggest that stress during adolescence can have effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and hippocampus plasticity in adulthood, particularly in female rats.

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“…4). Though these findings have recently been replicated in males (Doremus-Fitzwater, Varlinskaya, & Spear, 2009), pubertal females do not appear to show this augmented hormonal response after repeated exposure to restraint (Doremus-Fitzwater et al, 2009). Together, these results indicate that adolescent maturation and sex can significantly influence how experience shapes HPA reactivity.…”

Section: Pubertal Maturation Of the Hormonal Stress Responsementioning

confidence: 96%

Adolescence: A central event in shaping stress reactivity

Romeo

2010

Developmental Psychobiology

267

211

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ABSTRACT:The magnitude and duration of the hormonal stress response change dramatically throughout an organism's lifespan. Although much is known about the factors that modulate stress reactivity during adulthood and how neonatal development and aging influence stress responsiveness, we know relatively little about how stress reactivity changes during the juvenile to adult transition. Recent studies in adolescent boys and girls have suggested that stress is an important factor contributing to an individual's vulnerability to various neuropsychological dysfunctions, including anxiety, depression, and drug abuse. Thus, understanding how exposure to stressors during this crucial period of development lead to negative consequences is of paramount importance. A growing body of literature indicates that pubertal organisms react differentially, both physiologically and behaviorally, to a stressor compared to adults. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to discuss the recent findings regarding the pubertal maturation of stress reactivity, while also highlighting future research directions that will aid in our understanding of stress and adolescent mental health and development. ß 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 244-253, 2010.

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Social and non-social anxiety in adolescent and adult rats after repeated restraint

Cited by 177 publications

References 72 publications

Shifts in Hormonal Stress Reactivity during Adolescence Are Not Associated with Changes in Glucocorticoid Receptor Levels in the Brain and Pituitary of Male Rats

Shifts in Hormonal Stress Reactivity during Adolescence Are Not Associated with Changes in Glucocorticoid Receptor Levels in the Brain and Pituitary of Male Rats

Chronic restraint stress in adolescence differentially influences hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis function and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in male and female rats

Adolescence: A central event in shaping stress reactivity

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