Social and Play Responses of First-Born and Later-Born Infants in an Unfamiliar Situation

Collard, Roberta R.

doi:10.2307/1127383

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Both procedures permitted the stranger to respond naturally to the infant's cues by doing other than terminating tbe experiment, a feature that is rare in this research. In a handful of studies, the stranger's interpersonal behavior-basically conversation-has been directed primarily toward the mother (Brody and Axelrad, 1971;Collard, 1968) or the stranger has sat passively in the room (Corter, 1973;Eckerman and Whatley, 1975). In general, the stranger's behavior toward the infant has usually been quite specifically defined.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A search ofthe literature turned up 31 published reports of studies in which home reared infants were approached by or placed close to a stranger and an aspect of wariness was assessed (Ainsworth and Bell, 1970;Ainsworth and Wittig, 1969;Bretherton and Ainsworth, 1974;Brody and Axelrad, 1971;Bronson, 1972;Brookhart and Hock, 1976;Brooks and Lewis, 1976;Brossard, 1974;Campos, Emde, Gaensbauer and Henderson, 1975;Collard, 1968;Corter, 1973;Eckerman and Whatley, 1975;Emde, Gaensbauer and Harmon, 1976;Goulet, 1974;Greenberg, Hillman and Grice, 1973;Harmon, Morgan and Klein, 1977;Lewis and Brooks, 1974;Morgan and Ricciuti, 1969;Moss, Robson and Pedersen, 1969;Paradise and Curcio, 1974;Rafman, 1974;Rheingold and Eckerman, 1973;Ricciuti, 1974;Robson, Pedersen and Moss, 1969;Scarr and Salapatek, 1970;Schaffer, 1966;Schaffer and Emerson, 1964;Skarin, 1977;Sroufe, Waters and Matas, 1974;Tennes and Lampl, 1964;Waters, Matas and Sroufe, 1975). Several pairs of these reports utilized common data- Brossard (1974) and Goulet (1974), Moss et al (1969) and Robson et al (1969), andSchaffer (1966) and Schaffer and Emerson (1964).…”

Section: Description Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most investigations have focused upon describing the nature and the developmental course of wary reactions to strangers. Relationships of infant temperament (Bronson, 1972;Harmon et al, 1977;Paradise and Curcio, 1974;Scarr and Salapatek, 1970), infant cognitive functioning (Brossard, 1974;Goulet, 1974;Paradise and Curcio, 1974;Scarr and Salapatek, 1970), infant exposure to strangers and caregivers other than the mother (Bronson, 1972;Brookhart and Hock, 1976;Collard, 1968;Harmon et al, 1977;Morgan and Ricciuti, 1969;Ricciuti, 1974;Schaffer, 1966;Schaffer and Emerson, 1964), and aspects ofthe maternal environment (Brody and Axelrad, 1971;Bronson, 1972;Moss et al, 1969;Robson et al, 1969;Schaffer, 1966) to wariness have received some attention. Effects of the stranger's attributes have been examined in only a handful of studies (Brooks and Lewis, 1976;Eckerman and Whatley, 1975;Goulet, 1974;Greenberg et al, 1973;Lewis and Brooks, 1974;Morgan and Ricciuti, 1969;Skarin, 1977), although effects of degree of the stranger's intrusiveness or proximity have almost routinely been measured.…”

Section: Description Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately half of the studies were conducted in the laboratory (Bretherton and Ainsworth, 1974;Brody and Axelrad, 1971;Brooks and Lewis, 1976;Campos et al, 1975;Collard, 1968;Corter, 1973;Eckerman and Whatley, 1975;Greenberg et al, 1973;Lewis and Brooks, 1974;Morgan and Ricciuti, 1969;Rheingold and Eckerman, 1973;Scarr and Salapatek, 1970;Tennes and Lampl, 1964;Waters et al, 1975), and about one-fourth were done in the home (Bronson, 1972;Emde et al, 1976;Goulet, 1974;Paradise and Curcio, 1974;Rafman, 1974;Robson et al, 1969;Schaffer and Emerson, 1964). Three investigations compared infants' reactions to strangers in laboratory and home environments (Brookhart and Hock, 1976;Skarin, 1977;Sroufe et al, 1974), and one was done in a nursery school playroom (Ricciuti, 1974).…”

Section: Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strangers in Brooks and Eewis (1976) were female adults plus a male and a female child. Stranger sex was not specified in a few investigations (Collard, 1968;Emde et al, 1976;Harmon et al, 1977;Rafman, 1974;Tennes and Eampl, 1964).…”

Section: Strangermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wariness of Strangers: Reality or Artifact?

Batter¹,

Davidson²

1979

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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SUMMARY Observational research on wariness of strangers is reviewed. The data indicate that negative reactions to unfamiliar persons become common during the second half of the first year. Positive reactions also occur, and there is evidence that certain infant attributes, stranger characteristics, and contextual features affect whether or not the infant becomes distressed. This complex phenomenon can be best understood as a developmental organizer. The negative reactions noted in the literature have most often been construed as expressions of interpersonal wariness reflecting recognition of the stranger's unfamiliarity or novelty. The possibilities that such responses also mirror the infant's emerging sensitivity to atypical social behavior and intrapsychic anxiety about his developing sense of separateness are discussed. Examination of research methodology points to several common shortcomings in the studies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Description Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Description Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Strangermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wariness of Strangers: Reality or Artifact?

Batter¹,

Davidson²

1979

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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Fear of strangers in children and the orienting reaction

Zegans

1972

Syst. Res.

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The phenomenon of fear of strangers (FS) is reviewed in light of recent findings in neurophysiology, ethology, developmental and cognitive psychology. Responses to strangers by infants are variable, including looking, withdrawal, clinging, rigidity and screaming. Visual fixation of strangers is invariable in humans and animals. The evolutionary survival value of FS in humans has been questioned. The theory that this behavior prevents the dilution of the attachment bond late in infancy when the child cannot flee an enemy is critically examined. Such a behavioral mechanism whereby infants were programmed to fear members of their own species would have been of little survival value in early human hunting and gathering societies where parent mortality was high. Fear of strangers has also been accounted for on the basis of cognitive conflict induced in infants by strangers. This theory does not explain whyfFS appears in human infants several months after discrimination of familiar from strange objects is perceptually possible. The orienting reaction'(0R) elicited by changes in the environment and characterized by heightened arousal might be important in understanding the development of the FS response. The adaptive value of the OR may be the maintenance of an optimal distance between novel stimuli and the infant until such time as informational uncertainty about the stimulus is reduced. Maturation of the OR in the latter part of the first year of life permits the child to consider informational variables involved in a novel object or stranger and determine the nature of his response. Physiological measurements such as EKG could be used experimentally to determine whether an OR is evoked in infants by the appearance of a stranger. 0+3T IS A ~-4 4 ( '~ ~(111 l,no\\Ii to mothers, baby-I sitters and delivery-boys that somewhere in the latter half of a child's first year of life he dcvcllops an observable fear of strangers.In reccnt ymrs behavioral scientists vicning the infant as a prolific c.mittcir of hard data have hcgun studying this phenomena 11 ith an impressive armamcntarium of techniques arid hypotheses. So far both the riddle of the meczhanisms arid motivations underlying this rcsponsc as \\ (41 as the babies have remained intact. We continuc to wonder exactly what cvolutionarv-Rdaptive purpose was fulfillcd by this hrhavior in man's mrly days and \z hat (*oiiscyuenccs for normal personalitjr devclopmcnt it has today. This question, intriguing academically, takes on an added dimc1nsion \i ith thc cvcr increasing demand for more day-care faciliticv arid other child tending institutions by mothers with young children dcsiring to work or pursue thvir education. This paper attempts to take another look a t the phenomena of fear of strangers in the light of recent findings in thc fields of neurophysiology, ethology, and developmental and cognitive psychology.It is pcrhaps a tragedy of the human condition that fear of strangers (FS) is not a transient phenomenon that occurs from eight to 12 months and then fades into o...

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Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure: The Origin of an Instrument

Rosmalen¹,

Veer²,

Horst³

2015

J. Hist. Behav. Sci.

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The American-Canadian psychologist Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999) developed the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) to measure mother-child attachment and attachment theorists have used it ever since. When Ainsworth published the first results of the SSP in 1969, it seemed a completely novel and unique instrument. However, in this paper we will show that the SSP had many precursors and that the road to such an instrument was long and winding. Our analysis of hitherto little-known studies on children in strange situations allowed us to compare these earlier attempts with the SSP. We argue that it was the combination of Ainsworth's working experience with William Blatz and John Bowlby, her own research in Uganda and Baltimore, and the strong connection of the SSP with attachment theory, that made the SSP differ enough from the other strange situation studies to become one of the most widely used instruments in developmental psychology today.

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Social and Play Responses of First-Born and Later-Born Infants in an Unfamiliar Situation

Cited by 20 publications

References 8 publications

Wariness of Strangers: Reality or Artifact?

Wariness of Strangers: Reality or Artifact?

Fear of strangers in children and the orienting reaction

Ainsworth's Strange Situation Procedure: The Origin of an Instrument

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