Social Axioms and Implicit Attitudes About People with Disabilities

Ma, Lili; Chen, Shuang; Zhou, Mingjie; Zhang, Jianxin

doi:10.2224/sbp.2012.40.2.251

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…While meta-analysis confirmed significant moderate preference for nondisabled individuals, there may be differences between sample groups, as suggested by significant heterogeneity. For example, the two studies reporting the highest D -scores (Chen et al, 2011; Ma et al, 2012) were both conducted with Chinese participants, suggesting possible cultural influences on implicit attitudes. Differences in implicit bias between cultural groups were also suggested by findings of studies that investigated racial differences (Coleman et al, 2015; Friedman, 2019; Harder et al, 2019; Jiang et al, 2021; Thomas et al, 2014; VanPuymbrouck et al, 2020); however, such studies compared racial groups within a specified country rather than between countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While most studies found no significant difference in implicit bias between sexes, when differences were found, they trended similarly in that males reported greater implicit bias to PWD (Chen et al, 2011; Clément-Guillotin et al, 2018; Levine et al, 2021; Thomas et al, 2014; VanPuymbrouck et al, 2020). There was also a lack of reliability in reporting results on sex differences, with some studies reporting no differences between sexes not reporting their analyses (Ma et al, 2012; Murch et al, 2018). Similarly, in studies investigating age and implicit bias, results were mixed, some finding older adults to have greater implicit bias (Friedman, 2019; VanPuymbrouck et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The association of variables other than demographics and contact with PWD on implicit bias were investigated in six studies. Ma et al (2012) investigated associations between implicit attitudes toward PWD and social axioms using the Social Axion Survey (SAS). The SAS measures general beliefs such as religiosity and fate control.…”

Section: Individual Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implicit bias toward people with disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Antonopoulos¹,

Sugden²,

Saliba³

2023

Rehabilitation Psychology

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Purpose: People with disabilities (PWD) experience barriers to accessibility and employment, harming their quality of life. Strategies aimed at reducing disparity for PWD have not changed key statistics such as unemployment rates. Previous research has focused on explicit attitudes, generally found to be positive, prompting investigation into factors such as implicit bias. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated implicit bias toward PWD and associated factors. Method: Forty-six peer-reviewed studies published between January 2000 and April 2020 utilizing the Implicit Association Test were included. Of these, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. Results: A significant moderate pooled effect (mean difference = 0.503, 95% CI [0.497-0.509], p , .001) was found, suggesting moderate negative implicit attitudes toward general disability. Negative implicit attitudes were also found toward physical, and intellectual disability. PWD were implicitly stereotyped as incompetent, cold, and "child-like." Findings were inconsistent for factors associated with bias including age, race, sex, and individual differences. Contact with PWD may be associated with implicit bias; however, measures were inconsistent. Conclusion: This review has found moderate negative implicit biases toward PWD, however, factors associated with this bias remain unclear. Further research should investigate implicit bias toward specific disability groups and strategies to shift such biases. Impact and ImplicationsMeta-analysis has shown significant moderate negative implicit attitudes toward disability in general, suggesting participants preferred nondisabled individuals rather than disabled individuals. While race, sex, and contact with PWD may be associated with an individual's implicit biases, results were inconclusive and variables were measured inconsistently. It is important to understand underlying factors, and as such could be useful in targeted strategies to reduce implicit biases. Instead of continuing to measure implicit biases, this study supports a shift in focus to investigating ways to reduce implicit biases toward PWD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Implicit bias toward people with disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Antonopoulos¹,

Sugden²,

Saliba³

2023

Rehabilitation Psychology

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“…Social axioms have been shown to predict attitudes and behaviors such as psychological well-being, locus of hope, coping and adjustment, growth mindset, dyadic adjustment, and post traumatic growth (Bernardo, 2013; Bernardo et al, 2021; Bernardo & Nalipay, 2016; Chen et al, 2016; Iliescu et al, 2017; Joshanloo et al, 2010; Lai et al, 2007). Nalipay et al (2017), views of the self (Chen et al, 2016), attitudes about people with disabilities (Ma et al, 2012), and personality factors (Chen et al, 2006; Leung, Lam et al, 2012).…”

Section: Social Axiomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Axioms Mediate Gender Differences in Gender Ideologies Among Guatemalan University Students

Luna-Sánchez¹,

Gibbons

Grazioso

et al. 2021

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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Gender role ideologies are embedded in cultural values and assumptions about life. Women’s greater endorsement of egalitarian beliefs may stem from gender differences in world views as indexed by social axioms. The purpose of this study was to examine potential mediators of gender differences in gender ideologies among university students in Guatemala, a country where traditional views are prevalent. Participants, 2,134 university students from nine campuses in different regions of Guatemala (43% male, 85% emerging adults), completed a Social Axioms Scale, along with three culturally relevant measures of gender ideology: the Historic-Sociocultural Premises Scale (HSCP) and the Machismo Measure that taps both traditional machismo and caballerismo (gentlemanliness). Consistent with previous research in other countries, men held more traditional attitudes about gender and the family than did women on all measures. Gender differences on all scales were mediated by cynicism and religiosity. Fate control mediated the gender differences in traditional machismo and the HSCP. These findings suggest that Guatemalan women and men through socialization, cultural demands, and life experiences develop gender-specific ways of viewing the world, and their attitudes about gender roles are shaped by those worldviews. The achievement of gender equality, a U.N. sustainable development goal, may require attention to the underlying world views of women and men.

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“…With reference to the domain of social psychology ; these studies found that fate control was inversely associated with implicit attitudes (Ma et al, 2012); self-effacement was significantly predicted by reward for application whereas enhancement of others and avoiding attention was significantly predicted by social cynicism ,the relationships of perceived causes to remedies were greater than those of social axioms and values (Chen & Bond, 2012); for the values of self-direction, absolute reciprocity had been shown with the absence of contemporary associations between values and beliefs (Goodwin et al, 2012); and workfamily conflict was found to be a significant forerunner of distress, but it put forth little influence on social cynicism . Furthermore, reward for application and social cynicism was positively and social complexity was negatively associated to hierarchic self-interest i.e., personal value preferences (Dragolov & Boehnke, 2015) ,self-views as a proximal force and world views as a distal force appeared to matter in subjective evaluation of people's lives (Chen et al, 2016); social axioms significantly predicted modest behavior (Chen et al, 2017) , religiosity, reward for application, and fate control were related to dyadic adjustment (Iliescu et al, 2017); and relation between need frustration and social cynicism was moderated by implicit affiliation-intimacy motive (Hofer et al, 2017).…”

Section: Research Trends In the Second Decade (From 2012 To Date)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Axioms: A Traditional Literature Review

Rasool¹,

Batool²

2020

Progressive Research Journal of Arts & Humanities

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The study was conducted to perform a comprehensive overview of the available documented studies on social axioms to identify the relevant literature and research gaps in the field of social axioms. The empirical studies carried out in the different countries that have been classified by publication years, research designs, and methods of studies. The paper presents a review of 72 published articles in journals of the different countries during 2002 to date, thus, an exploration reveals that social axioms play a considerable role in social behaviors and health of individuals, and they function differently in different cultures. This review would be helpful for the future researchers to direct their work towards the significance of social axioms in the different domains of life. Implications of this review have been discussed.

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Social Axioms and Implicit Attitudes About People with Disabilities

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Implicit bias toward people with disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Implicit bias toward people with disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Social Axioms Mediate Gender Differences in Gender Ideologies Among Guatemalan University Students

Social Axioms: A Traditional Literature Review

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