Social Capital and Unretirement: Exploring the Bonding, Bridging, and Linking Aspects of Social Relationships

Gonzales, Ernest; Nowell, W. Benjamin

doi:10.1177/0164027516664569

Cited by 31 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Further, neighbourhood socialisation, a form of bridging capital, was associated with volunteering both cross-sectionally and over time. The finding is consistent with the benefits of bridging social capital, in that those with greater bridging capital are more likely to be recruited and stay as volunteers for a longer period of time (Putnam, 2000; Wilson, 2000; Musick and Wilson, 2007; Gonzales and Nowell, 2017). One practical example is Experience Corps in Baltimore city, who recruited older adults from diverse backgrounds and collaborated with various umbrella neighbourhood organisations, AARP, school districts, churches, retiree organisations and senior centres in order to increase the community effectiveness and volunteer retention (Martinez et al ., 2006).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Distinct from human capital, social capital exists when social relationships among individuals or organisations have the potential for benefiting the members (Coleman, 1988). Though there are varying definitions, scholars distinguish at least two distinct types of social capital: bonding capital includes intimate social ties including marital and family relationships, and bridging capital includes looser ties among friends and neighbours (Putnam, 2000; Zhang et al ., 2011; Gonzales and Nowell, 2017). Structural traits for bonding and bridging ties offer different merits.…”

Section: Antecedents Of Productive Activity: the Productive Ageing Momentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human, social and cultural predictors of productive activities in later life

Kim

2018

Ageing and Society

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While considerable scholarly attention has been given to factors influencing productive activity, less is known about how multiple forms of resources predict the maintenance or initiation of such activity over time. Using two-wave panel data of older adults from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), the study investigated the relationship between measures of capital and changes in multiple types of productive activity. Findings showed that all three types of capital were associated with volunteering in cross-sectional analyses, but only education, neighbourhood socialisation and religious service attendance remain significant predictors of continued volunteerism. Human capital strongly influenced employment both cross-sectionally and over time. Aspects of social capital – marital status and network size – were linked to participation and initiation of care-giving activities. The findings demonstrate that different patterns emerge in cross-sectional and two-wave panel data of multiple productive activities, adjusting for baseline activity level and selective attrition. The project also suggests factors that promote or hinder continued engagement in productive activity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Antecedents Of Productive Activity: the Productive Ageing Momentioning

confidence: 99%

Human, social and cultural predictors of productive activities in later life

Kim

2018

Ageing and Society

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“…One possible mechanism might be role strain , in which individuals’ overall role obligations from combining informal care-giving and paid work are perceived as too onerous (Goode 1960). Another might be lack of bridging/linking social capital necessary to learn about job opportunities as a result of care-giving limiting individuals to a smaller range of close social contacts (Gonzales and Nowell 2016). Using US data, Pleau (2010) did not find evidence of competing effects of informal care-giving on rates of return to work following retirement, while Dingemans (2016) only found associations in men of care-giving with lower unretirement rates in analyses using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Returns to work after retirement: a prospective study of unretirement in the United Kingdom

et al. 2017

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Despite the complexity of the retirement process, most research treats it as an abrupt and one-way transition. Our study takes a different approach by examining retirement reversals (unretirement) and their predictors. Using the British Household Panel Survey (1991–2008), and following participants into Understanding Society (2010–2015), we undertake a survival analysis to investigate retirement reversals among Britons aged 50–69 years who were born in 1920–1959 (N = 2,046). Unretirement was defined as: (a) reporting being retired and subsequently recommencing paid employment, or (b) beginning full-time work following partial retirement (the latter defined here as reporting being retired and working fewer than 30 hours per week). A cumulative proportion of around 25 per cent of participants experienced a retirement reversal after reporting being retired; about half of these reversals occurred within the first five years of retirement. Unretirement was more common for participants who were male, more educated, in better health, owned a house with a mortgage (compared to owning it outright) and whose partner was in paid work. However, unretirement rates were not higher for participants in greater financial need, whether measured as subjective assessment of finances or household income quintiles. These results suggest that unretirement is a strategy more often used by those who are already advantaged and that it has the potential to exacerbate income inequalities in later life.

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“…Social capital was assessed using two variables, including marital status (1 = married, 0 = not married) and conducting volunteer work (1 = a few times per year or more, 0 = less than a few times per year). Our operationalization of social capital follows the individual-focused usage that is common in the literature on working and volunteering in later life (e.g., [54–56]). However, a deep body of scholarship has operationalized social capital as factors related to social norms, reciprocity, trust, the structure of relationships between and among actors, and neighborhood cohesion, among other factors (e.g., [41,57]) that may also play an important role in relation to self-employment in later life.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diversity of interest in later-life entrepreneurship: Results from a nationally representative survey of Americans aged 50 to 70

Halvorsen

Chen

2019

PLoS ONE

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While older entrepreneurs are more likely to be male, white, and have higher levels of human, social, and financial capital, we know less about interest in later-life entrepreneurship. This study estimates entrepreneurial interest in a nationally representative sample of Americans aged 50 to 70 using partial proportional odds modeling. We estimate that more than 31 million older Americans have some interest in entrepreneurship and reveal key predictors of this interest (e.g., younger age). Importantly, the findings indicate that a more diverse group of older adults are interested in entrepreneurship than have become entrepreneurs, suggesting the need for additional research on the potential disparities between entrepreneurial interest and action in later life.

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Social Capital and Unretirement: Exploring the Bonding, Bridging, and Linking Aspects of Social Relationships

Cited by 31 publications

References 37 publications

Human, social and cultural predictors of productive activities in later life

Human, social and cultural predictors of productive activities in later life

Returns to work after retirement: a prospective study of unretirement in the United Kingdom

The diversity of interest in later-life entrepreneurship: Results from a nationally representative survey of Americans aged 50 to 70

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