Social cleavages, wartime experience, and ethnic cleansing in Europe

Bulutgil, H. Zeynep

doi:10.1177/0022343315588339

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Interstate rivalry helps the government form this perception because rivalry adds a layer of interstate threat on top of domestic instability. According to Bulutgil (2015), such psychological mechanisms are even more important to the dynamics of wartime atrocity than the regime's larger military aims. Rivalry thus directly helps provide the government incentive to eradicate domestic threat (perceived or real) so as to focus on international threat.…”

Section: The Role Of Interstate Rivalry In Genocide and Politicidementioning

confidence: 99%

Interstate rivalry, genocide, and politicide

Uzonyi

2018

Journal of Peace Research

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Interstate rivalry not only influences a country’s international behavior, but also its domestic conduct. Here, I focus on the connection between interstate rivalry and domestic government mass killing, specifically genocide and politicide. I argue that interstate rivalry has both direct and indirect influences on a government’s decision to use mass violence against its civilian population. Directly, countries engaged in rivalry experience a heightened state of military tension, which increases the likelihood that the country will resort to political mass killing when handling domestic dissent. Indirectly, rivalry increases the likelihood of both inter- and intrastate conflict, which also increases the likelihood of genocide and politicide. Statistical analysis of all country-years from 1955 to 2011 reveals that interstate rivals are more likely to engage in genocide and politicide than are other states. This research illustrates the way in which interstate rivalry influences a state’s domestic politics and shapes the interactions between government and population. It also highlights the importance of how the international threat environment affects a state’s willingness to engage in domestic political mass murder. These findings indicate that rivals do not only engage in the most violent interstate behavior, but also some of the deadliest domestic politics, as well.

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Section: The Role Of Interstate Rivalry In Genocide and Politicidementioning

confidence: 99%

Interstate rivalry, genocide, and politicide

Uzonyi

2018

Journal of Peace Research

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“…It differs from the displacement literature because elites' and armed groups' behavior, rather than civilians', is the focus of explanation. Some works emphasize the conditions under which ethnic cleansing can emerge (Mann, 2005;Bulutgil 2015). Others such as Ron (2003), Bulutgil (2009) and Weidman (2011) focus on variation within the Balkan wars and find that community-level and political factors shape the likelihood that the targeted ethnic group will in fact be cleansed.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Warfare, political identities, and displacement in Spain and Colombia

Balcells

Steele

2016

Political Geography

101

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This paper explores the causes of displacement during civil wars. Recent scholarship has shown that conventional civil warsthose in which forces are relatively balancedand irregular civil warsthose in which one side is substantially stronger than the otherexhibit different patterns of violence. We hypothesize that, while the mode of violence differs, the form of displacement should be consistent across the wars: displacement is a tactic of war that armed groups use to conquer new territories. By expelling civilians associated with rivals, armed groups improve their odds of gaining control of contested territory. This implies that members of a group are targeted for displacement because of their identity and presumed loyalties. We test the theory using two fine-grained datasets on individuals displaced during a conventional civil war, in Spain (1936-1939), and an irregular civil war, in Colombia (1964-). In both cases, the war cleavage was ideological and reflected in national elections: the locations where political parties received support indicated which populations were sympathetic to rivals. In both civil wars, we observe higher levels of displacement in locations where more sympathizers of rival armed groups reside. The article is the first comparison to our knowledge of the sub-national dynamics of displacement within two different civil wars and it shows that the microfoundations of displacement are similar across types. Finally, the article explains macro-level differences with a coherent micro-level framework.

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“…Lichtenheld (2018) shows that what he terms ‘forced relocation’ occurs more often than commonly believed, including among states with relatively few resources. Even though ethnic cleansing and forced relocation are distinct processes, both literatures tend to study the question as a centralized strategy, especially in terms of why a government decides to pursue cleansing or resettlement (for examples of subnational variation, see Ron, 2003; Bulutgil, 2015; Hägerdal, 2019). A question that is more often left either implicit or unexplored, particularly in the case of ethnic cleansing, is where the expelled are likely to resettle when it is not determined by armed groups.…”

Section: Destinations Of the Displaced In The Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Civilian resettlement patterns in civil war

Steele

2019

Journal of Peace Research

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This article proposes a descriptive typology of civilian resettlement patterns in civil wars. The patterns vary in two dimensions: whether or not displaced civilians cluster together or resettle independently, and if they remain within their home country or not. The combination of the factors leads to four resettlement patterns: expulsion, segregation, integration, and dispersion. Expulsion and segregation occur when the displaced cluster, either within the home state (segregation) or beyond it (expulsion). Integration and dispersion occur when the displaced do not cluster but seek to blend in with other communities, either abroad (dispersion) or within core cities and towns in the state (integration). After introducing the typology and illustrating it with examples, the article engages in theory-building to explain variation in resettlement patterns. It argues that resettlement forms are based on the type of displacement that civilians experience, and the perpetrator of the violence. The displacement type influences individuals’ best strategy for achieving relative safety. Within and across wars, groups that experience political cleansing are likely to cluster together for safety. The best destination options for the displaced to resettle depend on the perpetrator, which lead to clustering either within a state if the actor is non-state, or outside the state if the actor is the state or an ally. The argument is illustrated with examples. Finally, the article considers the implications of resettlement patterns for violence, conflict, and state-building.

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Social cleavages, wartime experience, and ethnic cleansing in Europe

Cited by 18 publications

References 49 publications

Interstate rivalry, genocide, and politicide

Interstate rivalry, genocide, and politicide

Warfare, political identities, and displacement in Spain and Colombia

Civilian resettlement patterns in civil war

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