“…Such understanding is crucial for researchers to expand s-commerce research, and for decision-makers to further exploit the potential of s-commerce in empowering small businesses. The majority of s-commerce extant studies focused on the consumer's side, while fewer studies focused on the business's side, mainly investigating SMEs adoption (Abed, 2020;Abed et al, 2016;Ainin et al, 2015;Lina & Suwarni, 2022;Trawnih et al, 2023). The studies on small-scale businesses are comparatively underresearched, apart from very few nonempirical studies Al-Husain & Mirza, 2015;Alkhowaiter, 2016;Al-Qirim et al, 2022).…”