Social dispersal but with philopatry reveals incest avoidance in a polygynous ungulate

Linklater, Wayne L.; Cameron, Elissa Z.

doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.01.017

Cited by 46 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Also, social integration did not vary with mare age, band type, or dominance. The youngest mares are still in the process of dispersal and have yet to develop band fidelity (20), and therefore, most of these females were excluded from our analysis, because we used only mares with a stable band affiliation. Much of the variation due to age is due to the low rates of reproduction in the youngest mares (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We restricted our study population in this way, because changing bands lowers reproductive success and confounds the friendship-fitness relationship (6,33), and these mares are likely to still be in the process of dispersing from their natal band (20,24). All individuals in our study population (Ͼ400) were Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The social system of horses is unusual for ungulates, and similar to some primate species, such as gorilla (20). They live year round in a stable social and breeding group (''band'') consisting typically of one male (although sometimes more than one) (21,22), one or more unrelated adult females, and their immature offspring (23).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They live year round in a stable social and breeding group (''band'') consisting typically of one male (although sometimes more than one) (21,22), one or more unrelated adult females, and their immature offspring (23). Both male and female offspring disperse from their natal band (20,24), such that band members are not closely related, and yet breeding group membership is very stable. Band membership is so stable that some females live in the same group for most of their adult lives.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Social bonds between unrelated females increase reproductive success in feral horses

Cameron

Setsaas

Linklater

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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468

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In many mammals, females form close social bonds with members of their group, usually between kin. Studies of social bonds and their fitness benefits have not been investigated outside primates, and are confounded by the relatedness between individuals in primate groups. Bonds may arise from kin selection and inclusive fitness rather than through direct benefits of association. However, female equids live in long-term social groups with unrelated members. We present 4 years of behavioral data, which demonstrate that social integration between unrelated females increases both foal birth rates and survival, independent of maternal habitat quality, social group type, dominance status, and age. Also, we show that such social integration reduces harassment by males. Consequently, social integration has strong direct fitness consequences between nonrelatives, suggesting that social bonds can evolve based on these direct benefits alone. Our results support recent studies highlighting the importance of direct benefits in maintaining cooperative behavior, while controlling for the confounding influence of kinship.equid ͉ friendship ͉ social structure ͉ alliances ͉ sociality

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Social bonds between unrelated females increase reproductive success in feral horses

Cameron

Setsaas

Linklater

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

468

413

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“…Translocations: Ungulate populations normally regulate themselves through emigration and immigration [72]. Because parks and reserves are often surrounded by human-disturbed landscapes, even unfenced protected areas tend to limit animal movements in and out of the protected habitat [52].…”

Section: Impacts On Population and Ecosystemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing Large Herbivores in Protected Areas

Found¹

2016

Glob J Ecol

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By nature of their size, grouping behaviour, and central position within most trophic webs, large terrestrial herbivores --namely ungulates and elephants --tend to be both keystone and umbrella species. Their proportionately large impacts on ecosystems extend both top-down (i.e. regulation of vegetation), but also bottom up (regulated their predators). For these reasons, as well as their cultural and economic importance to humans around the world, large herbivores are among the most heavily managed species in any region. Large herbivores have historically been managed by the fact that hunting by humans -or an intentional or forced reduction in that hunting -effectively plays its own top-down role of regulating herbivores. Managing large herbivores in protected areas presents a different set of challenges, however, because where human can no longer hunt large herbivores, the role of humans in the ecosystem is changed dramatically. The necessity of regulating both over and underabundant large herbivore populations remains, however, but we are now challenged to affect this management from outside of our former predator-prey relationships. I reviewed the major approaches to managing large herbivores in protected areas, from a historical perspective, through the development of protected areas and conservation ethics, to more modern methods such as wildlife contraception and behavioural modification. I examine each of these methods from a broader perspective that give further consideration to the impacts on species other than the target species. I synthesize these approaches them from the perspective of holistic ecosystem management, where each method acts to replace a part of ecosystem function that has otherwise been lost by the very fact the herbivore population is in a protected area. As the amount of undisturbed habitat for large herbivores decreases worldwide, these iconic species are increasingly confined only to protected areas, making specific strategies for managing their populations even more important.the consequences of inadequate management. Ironically, because of past human interference, maintaining balanced and "natural" ecosystem function within protected areas often requires further human interference. The objective of this review was to examine the different methods humans have employed to manage large herbivore populations, but synthesize them as reactive approaches to replace natural ecosystem process that have been lost. Protected areas have changed our relationship with what essentially is our former prey, but I argue that sustainable management of large herbivores can only be achieved by restoring intactness to ecosystems in which humans are an active part. Historical large herbivore managementPre-industrial attitudes and actions: The goal of wildlife management is to decide how best to manipulate ecosystems towards specific ecological but also human goals within that protected area. Humans have managed large herbivores for thousands of years, namely as a continuous and important food s...

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2016

The Giraffe

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Social dispersal but with philopatry reveals incest avoidance in a polygynous ungulate

Cited by 46 publications

References 45 publications

Social bonds between unrelated females increase reproductive success in feral horses

Social bonds between unrelated females increase reproductive success in feral horses

Managing Large Herbivores in Protected Areas

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