Social distance and speech behavior: A case of Pakistani English speakers’ apology responses

Saleem, Tahir; Unjum, Uzma; Ahmed, Munawar Iqbal; Qadeer, Ayaz

doi:10.1080/23311983.2021.1890410

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The later models of communicative competence (Saleem et al, 2021) have integrated pragmatic competence with two types of knowledge-pragmalinguistics and sociopragmatics-because of its vital role in providing second language (L2) learners with the ability to communicate effectively in real-life social contexts. Sociopragmatics refers to the way conditions of language use derive from the social situation (Crystal, 2008).…”

Section: Social Power and Distancementioning

confidence: 99%

Communication models in a foreign language in relation to cognitive style category width and power distance

Munkova,

Stranovska,

Munk

2024

Front. Psychol.

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IntroductionUnderstanding how category width of cognitive style and power distance impact language use in cultures is crucial for improving cross-cultural communication. We attempt to reveal how English foreign language students, affected by high-context culture, communicate in English as a foreign language. What models of foreign communicative competence do they create?MethodsWe applied association rule analysis to find out how the category width of cognitive style affects the foreign communication competence in relation to culture and language.ResultsThe requester tends to be more formal and transfers conventional norms of the culture of the mother tongue into English, which mainly affects the use of alerters and external modifications of the head act of request.DiscussionA broad categorizer, regardless of social distance, prefers to formulate the request in a conditional over the present tense form, contrary to narrow categorizers who, in a situation of social proximity, prefer the request form in the present tense. A similar finding was shown in the case of external modifications of the head act, where we observed the inversion between broad and narrow categorizers, mainly in the use of minimizers and mitigating devices.

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Section: Social Power and Distancementioning

confidence: 99%

Communication models in a foreign language in relation to cognitive style category width and power distance

Munkova,

Stranovska,

Munk

2024

Front. Psychol.

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“…This corroborates with the findings from previous studies which mentioned that disagreement is a common strategy to express a differing opinion from a speaker. Disagreement is acceptable, especially when the speaker has a close relationship with the speech partner (Frank, 2021;Saleem et al, 2021;Spear, 2019).…”

Section: 'Disagreement' Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The village head (the speaker) employed bald on record strategy when addressing his poor village residents (the speech partner). The village head, who holds authority, utilizes the bald-on-record strategy to criticize the poor residents (Chelangat, 2019;Saleem et al, 2021).…”

Section: 'Bald On Record' Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The way someone expresses communication strategies and uses language with speech partners to convey messages is known as speech acts (El-Dakhs, 2020;Saleem et al, 2021). Speech acts are actions performed via utterance (Nasser, 2022), which are determined psychologically by the speaker's ability to deal with certain situations and are influenced by the situation behind a particular speech (Minchin, 2011;Myers-Scotton, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The politeness of criticism speech acts in Japanese and Minangkabau films

Haristiani,

Septiana,

Nor

et al. 2023

Indonesian J. Appl. Linguist.

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Criticism tends to be a face-threatening speech act that can endanger social relationships if not managed using appropriate strategies, especially in the intercultural context. This study aims to compare and contrast the politeness of criticism speech acts used in Japanese and Minangkabau languages as depicted in film series. The data on criticism speech acts in this study were collected from eleven Japanese film series with a total duration of 538 minutes and eight Minangkabau films with a total duration of 535 minutes. The collected data were formed into a set of data cards, classified based on the criticism speech acts strategies by Nguyen (2005), and analyzed based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory. The data classification in Japanese and Minangkabau was validated through the expert judgment process. The findings indicated that the Japanese and Minangkabau languages employed the same set of criticism speech act strategies but have different tendencies. In Japanese, speakers tend to use indirect strategies as their main criticism speech act strategy by ‘asking/presupposing,’ ‘correction,’ and ‘advice for change.’ Meanwhile, in Minangkabau, speakers tend to use direct strategies by using ‘negative evaluation,’ ‘expression of contradiction,’ and ‘disagreement’ strategies. Regarding the politeness strategy, off-record politeness strategies are more dominantly used among Japanese speakers. In contrast, Minangkabau speakers use bald on-record politeness strategies in criticism speech acts, reflecting their communication culture. The findings of this study provide a deeper understanding of criticism speech act and politeness strategies. The study is expected to contribute to the area of research on intercultural communication and Sociolinguistics.

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“…The concept, in its simplest form, is a measure of the degree of friendship/intimacy (or absence thereof ) between interlocutors (see Joseph & Alexander, 2018). Social distance is one of the foremost factors that determines the way in which interlocutors converse precisely because it is an important determinant of the degree of comfort or politeness/deference in a verbal exchange (Saleem et al, 2021a). This, in turn, determines the constraints felt and the liberties taken in speech exchanges (Allami & Nekouzadeh, 2011).…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pragmatic study of congratulation strategies of Pakistani ESL learners and British English speakers

Saleem

Aziz

2022

Asian. J. Second. Foreign. Lang. Educ.

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People usually express their feelings and emotions positively to others when they have happy occasions. However, the ways of expressing congratulation may vary because the expressive speech act “congratulations” is not the only way to express happiness and share others their happy news. The present study investigates the congratulation strategies of Pakistani English as second language (ESL) learners and British English speakers under the influence of social distance variable. A quantitative approach is applied in the analysis with the frequency of strategies (semantic formulas) being numerically analyzed. The current study recruited 120 participants, and who were further divided into four different groups: 30 British English speakers, 30 Pakistani ESL learners in the elite class, 30 Pakistani ESL learners of the middle class, and 30 Pakistani ESL learners in the lower class. For data collection, a discourse completion test (DCT) was used as a tool. The findings reveal that the most frequently used types of congratulation strategy are illocutionary force indicating device (IFID) followed by overlapped strategies (a combination of two), an offer of a good wish, expression of happiness, request for information, encouragement, expression of surprise, and suggestion of celebration, while other types of strategies are not used by the participants. The study reveals the existence of crosscultural differences in the use of congratulations by Pakistani ESL learners. The findings further show how the middle and lower class of Pakistani ESL learners use a more elaborated form of compliment responses (CRs) as compared to Pakistani ESL learners of elite and British English speakers. The findings may help in understanding the pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic aspects of Pakistani ESL learners as compared to British English speakers.

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Social distance and speech behavior: A case of Pakistani English speakers’ apology responses

Cited by 6 publications

References 40 publications

Communication models in a foreign language in relation to cognitive style category width and power distance

Communication models in a foreign language in relation to cognitive style category width and power distance

The politeness of criticism speech acts in Japanese and Minangkabau films

A pragmatic study of congratulation strategies of Pakistani ESL learners and British English speakers

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